Good Food Nation plan: initial monitoring framework

Footnotes

1 Scottish Government. (2014, 18 June). Recipe for Success: Scotland’s national food and drink policy, becoming a Good Food Nation. Recipe for Success: Scotland's national food and drink policy, becoming a Good Food Nation - gov.scot

2 Scottish Government. (2025, December). National Good Food Nation Plan. https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781806432615

3 Note for some indicators it is not clear if movement in a particular direction is positive or negative; and thus requires further interpretation of supporting evidence.

4 Scottish Government. (2025, December). National Good Food Nation Plan: Initial Monitoring Framework supporting documents. https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781806434435/documents

5 Scottish Government. (2025, 4 August). Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture (ENRA) research strategy 2027-2032: consultation. Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture (ENRA) research strategy 2027-2032: consultation - gov.scot

6 Living Good Food Nation Lab, University of Edinburgh Business School. Living Good Food Nation Lab

7 R, Griffith and M, O'Connell and K, Smith. (2013). Food expenditure and nutritional quality over the Great Recession. London: IFS. Food expenditure and nutritional quality over the Great Recession | Institute for Fiscal Studies

8 Scottish Government, Child poverty system map. Child poverty system map - gov.scot

9 Scottish Government, Child poverty analysis collection. Child poverty analysis - gov.scot

10 Improvement Service, Local Child Poverty Action Reports. Local Child Poverty Action Reports | Improvement Service

11 Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2025, 10 September). Family spending in the UK: April 2023 to March 2024. Statistical bulletin. Family spending in the UK - Office for National Statistics

12 Revoredo-Giha, C. and Russo, C. (2023). Food Expensiveness in Scotland's Remote Areas: An Analysis of Household Food Purchases. Rural Sociology, 88, 32-70. Food Expensiveness in Scotland's Remote Areas: An Analysis of Household Food Purchases

13 NH, The Eatwell Guide. The Eatwell Guide - NHS

14 The Food Foundation (2025). The Broken Plate 2025: The State of the Nation’s Food System

15 Hoenink, J.C., Garrott, K., Jones, N. R.V., Conklin, A. I., Monsivais, P., and Adams, J. (2024). Changes in UK price disparities between healthy and less healthy foods over 10 years: An updated analysis with insights in the context of inflationary increases in the cost-of-living from 2021. Appetite, 197. Changes in UK price disparities between healthy and less healthy foods over 10 years: An updated analysis with insights in the context of inflationary increases in the cost-of-living from 2021

16 Scottish Government (2022). Reducing health harms of foods high in fat, sugar or salt: economic modelling – final report. Reducing health harms of foods high in fat, sugar or salt: economic modelling – final report - gov.scot

17 Scottish Government. (2025, 17 June). Restricting promotion of food and drink high in fat, sugar or salt: consultation analysis – SG response. Restricting promotion of food and drink high in fat, sugar or salt: consultation analysis - SG response - gov.scot

18 Note that CPIH index rates use 2015 as the base year (2015 = 100)

19 2025 data is partial, and based on the average index from January to October 2025 and therefore subject to change. In 2025, food prices contributed 8.6% of the CPIH basket.

20 Dyson, B., Harris, J., Parry, S. and Choudhury, S. (2023) Impacts of the Ukraine–Russia conflict on the global food supply chain and building future resilience. EuroChoices, 22(2), pp. 24–31. University of Southampton. Impacts of the Ukraine–Russia Conflict on the Global Food Supply Chain and Building Future Resilience

21 Office for National Statistics (ONS). Transformation of UK consumer price statistics, groceries scanner data analysis, April 2025. Transformation of UK consumer price statistics, groceries scanner data analysis

22 Note that data for 2020 have not been included, as data collection was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

23 Breakdown reported over two years

24 Scottish Government. (2025, 27 March). Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24. An Accredited Official Statistics Publication for Scotland. Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

25 Scottish Government. (2023, 5 June). Cash-First – towards ending the need for food banks in Scotland: plan. Introduction - Cash-First - towards ending the need for food banks in Scotland: plan - gov.scot

26 Scottish Government. (2024, 9 February). Infant food insecurity – responding and preventing: guide. Key Messages - Infant food insecurity - responding and preventing: guide - gov.scot

27 Scottish Government. (2020, 18 June). Mapping Organisations Responding to Food Insecurity in Scotland. Executive summary - Mapping Organisations Responding to Food Insecurity in Scotland - gov.scot

28 Watts, D, Slater, R. and McKenzie, J (2025) ‘The distribution and Functions of Food Support Organisations in Scotland and their Implications for Policy’, Scottish Affairs vol 34, Issue 1 The Distribution and Functions of Food Support Organisations in Scotland and their Implications for Policy | Scottish Affairs

29 Trussell. (2025, 21 May). Emergency food parcel distribution in Scotland. Emergency food parcel distribution in Scotland

30 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, meal uptake estimates are not available for 2020-21

31 Scottish Government. Free School Meals. Check who can get free school meals. Free school meals - mygov.scot

32 Scottish Government. (2019, 13 June). Food and drink in schools: consultation analysis report. Overview of Responses to the Consultation - Food and drink in schools: consultation analysis report - gov.scot

33 The Nutritional Requirements for Food and Drink in Schools (Scotland) Regulations 2020. No. 153. The Nutritional Requirements for Food and Drink in Schools (Scotland) Regulations 2020

34 Scottish Government. (2021, 10 February). Healthy eating is schools: guidance 2020. Healthy eating in schools: guidance 2020 - gov.scot

35 Scottish Government. (2024, 20 December). Free school meals: equality impact assessment. Background - Free school meals: equality impact assessment - gov.scot

36 Scottish Government (2025, 9 September). School meal uptake 2023-24 supplementary statistics. Table 10. Supporting documents - School meal uptake: 2023-24 - gov.scot

37 Scottish Government. (2024, 8 October). Setting the Table Guidance: Nutritional Standards and Practical Guidance for Early Learning and Childcare Providers in Scotland. Setting the Table Guidance - gov.scot

38 Scottish Government. Maternal and child health. Milk and Healthy Snack Scheme. Milk and Healthy Snack Scheme - Maternal and child health - gov.scot

39 World Health Organization (WHO). (2023, 9 August). Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants. E-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions. Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants

40 Scottish Government. (2025, June). Scotland’s Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Strategic Framework (2025-2030). Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Strategic Framework and Delivery Plan

41 The breastfeeding drop-off rate at 6-8 weeks refers to the proportion of breastfeeding mothers who stop breastfeeding between their first review (at birth) and at the 6–8 week review.

42 Public Health Scotland. (2024, 12 November). Infant feeding statistics. Financial year 2023 to 2024. Infant feeding statistics - Financial year 2023 to 2024 - Infant feeding statistics - Publications - Public Health Scotland

43 Scottish Government, Best Start Grant and Best Start Foods Best Start Grant and Best Start Foods - mygov.scot

44 Food Standards (FSA). Food.gov.uk. (2024, 7 March). Foodborne Disease Policy Overview. Foodborne Disease Policy Overview | Food Standards Agency

45 Food Standards Scotland (FSS). (2021, May). Healthy, Safe, Sustainable: Driving Scotland’s Food Future. Food Standards Scotland Strategy for 2021-2026. Healthy, Safe, Sustainable: Driving Scotland’s Food Future

46 Note the other two outcomes ‘Consumers have healthier diets’ and ‘consumers and empowered to make positive choices about food’ are captured in Outcomes 3 and 5.

47 Edelman. (2025). 2025 Edelman Trust Barometer. Trust and the Crisis of Grievance. Global Report. 2025 Edelman Trust Barometer | Edelman

48 Red Tractor. British Shoppers Reclaim Trust in UK Food. Trust in Food index 2024 - Red Tractor

49 Prior to Our Food 2021, the percentage of passes for FHIS listed businesses was sourced from FSS Annual Report and Accounts, which reported on the financial year rather than the annual year. Due to this, 2020-21 the financial year and 2021 the annual year are included.

50 Meat establishments and animal feed establishments are regulated directly by FSS for example.

51 Food Standards Scotland (FSS). Eat Safe Awards. Eat Safe Awards consumer information | Food Standards Scotland

52 This data covers samples for FSS’s national surveillance program and those taken by Local Authorities during inspections of food businesses. Testing for food safety and standards covers microbiological examination, (hygiene) and chemical analysis (including contaminants, residues and additives)

53 Public Health Scotland (PHS). (2024, 1 October). Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses. Biennial Report 2022-2023. Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses - Biennial Report 2022-2023 - Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses - Publications - Public Health Scotland

54 Public Health Scotland (PHS). (2025, 5 August). Food environment. Overview - Food environment - Food and physical activity - Improving Scotland's health - Population health - Public Health Scotland

55 Theis, D.R.Z. and White, M. (2021). Is Obesity Policy in England Fit for Purpose? Analysis of Government Strategies and Policies 1992-2020. The Milbank Quarterly, 99, 126-170. Is Obesity Policy Fit for Purpose?

56 The Food in Scotland Consumer Tracker survey did previously include a similar question around changes in consumer eating habits and food related behaviors in wave 12 in 2021 to wave 16 in 2023.

57 To note WRAP’s definition of agricultural activity includes embodied emissions from fertilizer production and embodied emissions from imported feed production. These are not included in the GHG inventory.

58 WRAP. (2025, 21 January). Tracking UK Food system Greenhouse Gas emissions: 2015-2022. Tracking UK Food system Greenhouse Gas emissions: 2015-2022 | WRAP - The Waste and Resources Action Programme

59 WRAP estimates emissions from imported food by applying fixed life-cycle emission factors (including land-use change where relevant) to UK import volumes, attributing the resulting overseas production emissions to the UK’s overall food-consumption footprint.

60 UK Government. GOV.UK. Food Data Transparency Partnership. Food Data Transparency Partnership - GOV.UK

61 Jaacks et al. (2024, February). Understanding the climate impact of food consumed in Scotland. University of Edinburgh. Understanding the climate impact of food consumed in Scotland

62 Extrapolating from the WRAP analysis of the UK food system, agricultural activity made up around a third of food system emissions. The second largest category was net food imports. Smaller contributions came from transport, food manufacturing, packaging and refrigeration.

63 Note total Scottish net emissions were 39.6 MtCO2e in 2023, which means agriculture represented around 19% of total net emissions.

64 Note that The subsector emissions estimates are based on fixed 2018 proportions applied across all years. This approach does not reflect annual changes in the underlying data. Subsector estimates should be considered as indicative, not definitive.

65 Scottish Government. (2021, 20 December). Greenhouse gas emissions - agricultural: disaggregating headline figures. Greenhouse gas emissions - agricultural: disaggregating headline figures - gov.scot

66 Scottish Government. (2025, November). Scotland’s Draft Climate Change Plan: 2026 – 2040. Annex 2 Sectoral Annexes. Scotland’s Draft Climate Change Plan: 2026–2040 - Annex 2 Sectoral Annexes

67 Scottish Government. Climate change. Nitrogen Balance Sheet. Nitrogen Balance Sheet - Climate change - gov.scot

68 Peters, E. et al.(2024, March). Target setting for nitrogen use efficiency in Scotland. Ricardo PLC. Target setting for nitrogen use efficiency in Scotland

69 United Nations (UN) Environment Programme.(2024, 27 March). Food Waste Index Report 2024. Food Waste Index Report 2024 | UNEP - UN Environment Programme

70 Scottish Government. (2024, 18 December). Scotland’s circular economy and waste route map to 2030. Ministerial foreword - Scotland's circular economy and waste route map to 2030 - gov.scot

71 Zero Waste Scotland. (2024, January). 2021 Scottish Food Waste Estimate. Scotland Food Waste Estimate

72 Zero Waste Scotland. (2025, September). Household Food Waste in Scotland 2021/22. Household Food Waste in Scotland 2021/22

73 WRAP. The Courtauld Commitment 2030 Milestone Report 2023. The Courtauld Commitment 2030 Milestone Report 2023 | WRAP - The Waste and Resources Action Programme

74 Hasnain, S. (2024). Impact of climate change on the UK food system. FSA Research and Evidence. Impact of Climate Change on the UK Food System | Published in FSA Research and Evidence

75 Scottish Government. (2024, 25 September). Climate change: Scottish National Adaptation Plan 2024-2029. Ministerial Foreword - Climate change: Scottish National Adaptation Plan 2024-2029 - gov.scot

76 Scottish Government. (2024, 27 November). Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2025. Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045 - gov.scot

77 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2025, 21 March). UK Pesticides National Action Plan 2025. UK Pesticides National Action Plan 2025 - GOV.UK

78 Note that the underlying data for this indicator is collected by non-governmental bodies

79 NatureScot. Official Statistics - Scottish Terrestrial Breeding Birds 1994 – 2023. Official Statistics - Scottish Terrestrial Breeding Birds 1994 – 2023 | NatureScot

80 The definition of ‘agriculture’ and ‘food and drink’ air pollutants come from Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) codes. Agriculture is a sector category whilst food and drink is considered a subsector category. However, the food and drink subcategories do not fall within agriculture but are defined elsewhere. The food and drink sub-sector category includes Scotch whisky maturation.

81 The total air pollutant index is created using 2005 as the base (2005=100)

82 Nitrogen oxides emissions arise primarily from combustion sources. Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds are emitted to air from various sources across many sectors and are emitted primarily as combustion by-products. PM10 and PM2.5 is a measure of the size distribution of the particles emitted to air and represents the material with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 and less than 2.5 micrometres respectively

83 Scottish Government. (2023, 16 August). Non-methane volatile organic compound emissions from malt whisky maturation: final report. 7 Conclusions and recommendations. Non-methane volatile organic compound emissions from malt whisky maturation: final report - gov.scot

84 Scottish Government. (2021, 15 July). Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - Towards a Better Place for Everyone - gov.scot. Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - Towards a Better Place for Everyone - gov.scot

85 IFOAM Organics International. Definition of Organic Agriculture. Definition of Organic Agriculture | IFOAM

86 Topp, K. et al. (2023, August). Organic farming, net zero targets and the impact of a changing climate – an evidence review. SRUC, SAC Consulting. Organic farming, net zero targets and the impact of a changing climate – an evidence review

87 Neilson, R. et al. (2021, September). Monitoring soil health in Scotland by land use category – a scoping study. James Hutton Institute. Monitoring soil health in Scotland by land use category – a scoping study

88 Neilson, R. et al.(2020, September). Measuring the vulnerability of Scottish soils to a changing climate. James Hutton Institute. Measuring the vulnerability of Scottish soils to a changing climate

89 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). Healthy soils for a green recovery. Healthy soils for a green recovery | SEFARI

90 World Animal Protection. Animal Protection Index. World Animal Protection | Animal Protection Index

91 European Commission. Animal welfare policy indicators. Food Safety. Food, Farming, Fisheries. Animal welfare policy indicators - Food Safety - European Commission

92 Defra (2024). Consultation on fairer food labelling. Consultation on fairer food labelling

93 Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare. (2025, 27 March). The Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare 2024 Report. The Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare 2024

94 The Centre of Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks (EPIC) Scotland provide high-quality advice and analysis on the epidemiology of animal diseases in Scotland and works to strengthen st across the country more generally. Centre of Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks | EPIC Scotland

95 Food Standards Agency (FSA). Food.gov.uk. (2024, 29 April). Data related to imported food production standards: Executive Summary. Data related to imported food production standards: Executive summary | Food Standards Agency

96 Scottish Government have consulted on phasing out cages for laying hence and gamebirds to improve welfare as a specific new measure. Scottish Government. (2024, 2 April). Poultry welfare – laying hens: consultation. Poultry welfare – laying hens: consultation - gov.scot

97 Cornish, A., Jamieson, J., Raubenheimer, D., and McGreevy, P. (2019). Applying the Behavioural Change Wheel to Encourage Higher Welfare Food Choices. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 9(8), 524. Applying the Behavioural Change Wheel to Encourage Higher Welfare Food Choices - PMC

98 RSPCA.Kindness Index Report 2025. Kindness Index 2025 Full Report

99 Scottish Government. (2024). Consultation on a proposal to phase out the use of cages in Scotland’s laying hen sector. Consultation on a proposal to phase out the use of cages in Scotland’s laying hen sector - Scottish Government consultations - Citizen Space

100 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). Monitoring castration and tail docking of lambs. Monitoring castration and tail docking of lambs | SEFARI

101 EggTrack. EggTrack. Better welfare for egg laying hens. EggTrack - Better welfare for egg laying hens

102 Scottish Government. (2025, 23 October). Bovine TB. Bovine TB - gov.scot

103 National Records of Scotland. (2011, June). Risk-based Surveillance for Tuberculosis in Cattle (bTB). Risk-based Surveillance for Tuberculosis in Cattle

104 Scottish Government. National Performance Framework. National Performance Framework - gov.scot

105 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2014). UK trade in goods statistics. HM Revenue and Customs. UK overseas trade in goods statistics. UK trade in goods statistics - GOV.UK

106 Scotland’s aquaculture. Data Search | Scotland's Aquaculture

107 Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) has developed a Sea Lice Risk Assessment Framework to mitigate impacts. Sea lice framework FAQs | Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)

108 Scottish Government. Aquaculture. Fish farm consents. Fish farm consents - Aquaculture - gov.scot

109 Scottish Government. (2023, 21 July). Vision for sustainable aquaculture. Vision for sustainable aquaculture - gov.scot

110 Food Standards Scotland. (2020, 21 October). The Scottish Diet: It needs to change 2020 update. The Scottish Diet - It needs to change 2020 update | Food Standards Scotland

111 Scottish Government. (2016, 18 March). Scottish dietary goals: March 2016 - gov.scot. Scottish dietary goals: March 2016 - gov.scot

112 Intake24. Welcome to Intake24. Intake24 | Home

113 No dietary data was collected for children in SHeS 2024 due to a separate Intake24 survey being undertaken with children on behalf of Food Standards Scotland in 2023/2024. Information on child fruit and vegetable consumption will be included in the 2025 Scottish Health survey.

114 Food Standards Scotland. (2025, 27 January). Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH) research report. Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH) research report | Food Standards Scotland

115 The Food and Drink Federation. Reformulation for Health. Reformulation for Health | The Food and Drink Federation

116 Scottish Grocers Federation. The SGF Healthy Living Programme. Healthy Living Programme | Scottish Grocers Federation

117 Community Food and Health (Scotland). Community Food and Health (Scotland). Community Food and Health (Scotland)

118 Public Health Scotland. Eating Out, Eating Well. Eating Out, Eating Well

119 Food Standards Scotland (2024) Modelling the impact of reductions in meat and dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and disease risk | Food Standards Scotland

120 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2007). Reducing obesity: obesity system map. Reducing obesity: obesity system map - GOV.UK

121 Scottish Government. (2018, 2 July). A healthier future: Scotland’s diet and healthy weight delivery plan. A healthier future: Scotland's diet and healthy weight delivery plan - gov.scot

122 Based on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) areas

123 Note growing uptake of weight loss therapeutics may independently influence glucose control, diagnosis rates, and population risk profiles for Type II diabetes.

124 Public Health Scotland. (2025, 21 October). National dental inspection programme. National dental inspection programme 2025 - National dental inspection programme - Publications - Public Health Scotland

125 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Its main components are ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, both of which are well-established clinical priorities for the Scottish Government.

126 Not all those living with diabetes have been diagnosed. It is estimated that around 10% of cases of type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed. Scottish Government. (2021, 25 February). Diabetes care – Diabetes improvement plan: commitments – 2021 to 2026. Diabetes care - Diabetes improvement plan: commitments - 2021 to 2026 - gov.scot

127 Public Health Scotland. (2024). National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP) 2024. National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP) 2024

128 Lassale, C., Batty, G.D., Baghdadli, A. et al. (2019). Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry 24, 965–986. Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | Molecular Psychiatry

129 Dunbar, R.I.M. (2017). Breaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 3, 198–211. Breaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating | Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

130 Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale

131 Scottish Government. (2025, 21 October). The Scottish Health Survey 2024 – volume 1: main report. 1. Mental Health and Wellbeing - The Scottish Health Survey 2024 - volume 1: main report - gov.scot

132 Further data on employment in aquaculture sector can be found in the Scottish Shellfish Farm Production Survey 2024 - gov.scot and the Scottish Fish Farm Production Survey 2024 - gov.scot

133 Definition of the Food and Drink sector is defined by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007 codes.

134 Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2022, 4 April) Recent challenges faced by food and drink businesses and their impact on prices. Recent challenges faced by food and drink businesses and their impact on prices - Office for National Statistics

135 Bank of England. (2025, 6 November). Monetary Policy Report November 2025. Bank of England Monetary Policy Report November 2025

136 The Bank of England note that Inflation among four components – butter, beef and veal, chocolate and coffee – which make up only 10% of the food CPI basket, is currently contributing nearly 2 percentage points to overall food inflation.

137 Bank of England. (2025, 7 August). Monetary Policy Report August 2025. Monetary Policy Report - August 2025 | Bank of England

138 Scottish Government. (2024, December). Scottish Economic Bulletin. Scottish Economic Bulletin

139 Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2025, 21 November). Retail sales, Great Britain: October 2025. Statistical bulletin. Retail sales, Great Britain - Office for National Statistics

140 HM Revenue and Customs. Regional trade statistics. Statistical datasets.

141 Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2022, 4 April) Recent challenges faced by food and drink businesses and their impact on prices. Recent challenges faced by food and drink businesses and their impact on prices - Office for National Statistics

142 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2025, 19 May). A renewed agenda for European Union – United Kingdom cooperation. Common Understanding. UK/EU Summit - Common Understanding

143 Data shows GVA index for the food and drink sector (GDP for Scotland) as at Q2 each year, in line with latest available data for 2025 as at 28^th November.

144 Scotland Food and Drink Partnership. Our Industry Strategy. Our Industry Strategy | Scotland Food and Drink

145 Note this measure only includes food and drink manufacturing businesses (SIC 10 and SIC 11)

146 Note a business may survive without expanding, innovating, or contributing significantly to economic output, missing key aspects of sustainability like profitability or job creation.

147 UK Government. GOV.UK (2019). Company insolvency statistics releases. Company insolvency statistics releases - GOV.UK

148 Scottish Government. Scottish farm business income (FBI). Scottish farm business income (FBI) - gov.scot

149 Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework

150 See Sectoral Skills Assessment under 4B.2

151 A report produced by the Food and Drink Federation gives some more detail on wider DandI metrics for parts of the Food and Drink sector at a UK level. Food and Drink Federation. (2021). Food and Drink Inclusion and Diversity Report 2021.

152 Scottish Government. (2024, 24 October). Results from the Scottish Agricultural Census: June 2024. Most working occupiers are aged 45 years and over - Results from the Scottish Agricultural Census: June 2024 - gov.scot

153 Skills Development Scotland. (2024, October). Sectoral Skills Assessment: Food and Drink Primary Production. Sectoral Skills Assessment Food and Drink Primary Production 2024

154 Skills Development Scotland. (2024, October). Sectoral Skills Assessment: Food and Drink Manufacturing. Sectoral Skills Assessment Food and Drink Manufacturing 2024

155 The difference between average hourly earnings excluding overtime of men and women, as a proportion of men's average hourly earnings excluding overtime.

156 Food and Drink Federation. (2021). Food and Drink Inclusion and Diversity Report 2021.

157 Defra, United Kingdom Food Security Report (2024). United Kingdom Food Security Report 2024 - GOV.UK

158 Land where the climate is favourable, slopes are no greater than 7 degrees and the soils are at least 45cm deep and are imperfectly drained at worst.

159 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). Incentivising resilient and innovative food supply chains and sustainable consumer choices. Incentivising resilient and innovative food supply chains and sustainable consumer choices | SEFARI

160 Scottish Government. Rural and Payments and Services. Fruit and Vegetables Aid Scheme. Fruit and Vegetables Aid Scheme

161 Figures for 2022, 2023 and 2024 are preliminary

162 Disaggregated UK production to supply ratios by food type for the UK are also available in the UK Food Security report.

163 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017, October). Guidelines for the compilation of Food Balance Sheets.

164 Scottish Government. (2025, 30 October). Results from the Scottish June Agricultural Census: June 2025. Results from the Scottish Agricultural Census: June 2025 - gov.scot

165 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2012). Family food datasets. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Family food datasets - GOV.UK

166 Food, Farming and Countryside Commission. (2025, 15 May). Good Food Nation – time to fix food. Good Food Nation – time to fix food - Food, Farming and Countryside Commission

167 Net Zero Nation. Eating healthy and sustainable food. Net Zero Scotland, Scottish Government. Eating healthy and sustainable food | Net Zero Nation

168 Knight, C. (2016). Negative stereotypes of the Scottish diet: A qualitative analysis of deep-fried Mars bar references in bestselling newspapers in Scotland, 2011–14. Negative stereotypes of the Scottish diet: A qualitative analysis of deep-fried Mars bar references in bestselling newspapers in Scotland, 2011–14 - ScienceDirect

169 Tenement Kitchen. (2024). Beyond the Tartan Tin: A report on Scotland’s food heritage sector

170 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). (2024, 15 February). Rapid Evidence Review: Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Scotland. Rapid Evidence Review: Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Scotland | SEFARI

171 Community food and health (Scotland). (2021, 11 February). What’s in a name? – Redistributing surplus food via Food hubs, food banks, social supermarkets, larders, community fridges and pantries. Does the label matter? What’s in a name? – Redistributing surplus food via Food hubs, food banks, social supermarkets, larders, community fridges and pantries….. Does the label matter?

172 Volunteer Scotland. (2025, April). The State of Scottish Volunteering. The State of Volunteering in Scotland 2025 report

173 Examples include the Glasgow Community Food Network, Dundee Community Food Network, Ayrshire Food Hub and Abundant Borders

174 Food, Farming and Countryside Commission. (2025, March). Let’s Talk About Food: The power of community-led food conversations. Let’s Talk About Food

175 Scotland Food and Drink. Regional Food Groups. Regional Food Groups | Scotland Food and Drink

176 Church, A. et al. (2015). ‘Growing your own’: A multi-level modelling approach to understanding personal food growing trends and motivations in Europe. ‘Growing your own’: A multi-level modelling approach to understanding personal food growing trends and motivations in Europe - ScienceDirect

177 Pantiru, L. (2024). The impact of gardening on well-being, mental health, and quality of life: an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Systematic reviews, 13(1), 45. The impact of gardening on well-being, mental health, and quality of life: an umbrella review and meta-analysis - PMC

178 Gulyas, B. (2024). Quantifying the relationship between gardening and health and well-being in the UK: a survey during the covid-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 24, 810. Quantifying the relationship between gardening and health and well-being in the UK: a survey during the covid-19 pandemic | BMC Public Health | Full Text

179 The University of Edinburgh. (2024, 26 June). Gardening linked to staying sharp in later life, study finds. Gardening linked to staying sharp in later life, study finds | Research and innovation | The University of Edinburgh

180 University of Glasgow. Glasgow’s Community Gardens: Sustainable Communities of Care. Adam Smith Business School.

181 Gulya, B. and Edmondson, J. (2023). The contribution of household fruit and vegetable growing to fruit and vegetable self‐sufficiency and consumption. Plants, People. Planet. 6 (1). The contribution of household fruit and vegetable growing to fruit and vegetable self‐sufficiency and consumption

182 Scottish Parliament. Good Food Nation Proposed National Plan. Response 974928427.

183 Scottish Parliament. (2022, 6 October). Allotments and community growing: the impact of Part 9 of the Community Empowerment Act. Allotments and community growing: the impact of Part 9 of the Community Empowerment Act | Scottish Parliament

184 Fitzpatrick, I et al. (2010). Understanding food culture in Scotland and its comparison in an international context: implications for policy development. Understanding food culture in Scotland and its comparison in an international context: implications for policy development

185 Social Enterprise Scotland. (2020, 23 January). The power of food to drive social impact. The power of food to drive social impact - Social Enterprise Scotland

186 UK Government. GOV.UK. (2020, 31 December). Protect a geographical food or drink name. Guidance. Protect a geographical food or drink name - GOV.UK

187 In April 2024, the UK government approved an amendment to the PGI specification, changing the designation from "Scottish Farmed Salmon" to "Scottish Salmon."

188 Partial year data covering the first two quarters of 2025 have been published. These showed in the year ending Q2 2025 data, food and drink exports were worth £7.18 billion.

189 Scottish Government. (2024, 8 August). Inflation Adjusted HMRC Regional Trade Statistics for Scotland: Methodology. Inflation Adjusted HMRC Regional Trade Statistics for Scotland

190 Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC). Vertical Farm – SRUC King’s Buildings, Edinburgh. SRUC Major projects | Vertical Farm

191 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). Hemp: a climate resilient crop for the future of Scottish agriculture. Hemp: a climate resilient crop for the future of Scottish agriculture | SEFARI

192 Topp, K et al. (2023, August). Organic farming, net zero targets and the impact of a changing climate – an evidence review. SRUC, SAC Consulting. Organic farming, net zero targets and the impact of a changing climate – an evidence review | ClimateXChange

193 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). About Us. About Us | SEFARI

194 Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes (SEFARI). (2025, November). Scotland’s Global Food Security Conference. Food Security Conference 2025 agenda