Learning from 25 years of preventative interventions in Scotland
Within Scotland, there has been a long standing interest in preventative approaches. This report includes 15 case studies of successful preventative interventions introduced in Scotland since devolution and draws together overarching observations.
Footnotes
1 See Public Health Scotland Website
2 Recent reports published on prevention include: IPPR (2024) Delivering sustainable public services through prevention, RSE & Audit Scotland (2024) Public service reform in Scotland: how do we turn rhetoric into reality?, Institute for Government (2024) A preventative approach to public services: How the government can shift its focus and improve lives and ‘Prevention Watch’ briefings from the Scottish Health Equity Research Unit.
3 Case studies of a range of preventative interventions introduced in England can be found in: A preventative approach to public services by the Institute for Government
4 Primary prevention for babies, secondary prevention for pregnant women
5 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Social security in an independent Scotland
6 Scottish Government (2024) Conducting evaluation during times of change: Lessons from policy and community responses to the pandemic in Scotland
7 What Works Growth, Understanding impact evaluation
8 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish Government Evaluation Action Plan
9 Evaluation Support Scotland (2020) Evaluating Prevention
10 Such as the Nesta Standards of Evidence
11 Scottish Government (2024) Conducting evaluation during times of change: Lessons from policy and community responses to the pandemic in Scotland
12 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish Government Evaluation Action Plan
13 See Early Intervention Foundation website
14 Mackie, P., Johnsen, S. & Wood, J. (2017) Ending rough sleeping: what works?
15 The following article discusses ways in which longitudinal study designs can be useful for preventative policy making: Patal, R (2020) Common policy problems and what researchers can do about them
16 IFS (2024) The short- and medium-term impacts of Sure Start on educational outcomes
17 Institute for Government (2024) A preventative approach to public services: How the government can shift its focus and improve lives
18 Lowi, T. (1972) Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice
19 Scottish Government (2023) Learning from Person-Centred Approaches
20 Scottish Government (2023) Learning from Person-Centred Approaches
21 Scottish Government (2023) Learning from Person-Centred Approaches
22 Scottish Government (2016) Caledonian System Evaluation: Analysis of a programme for tackling domestic abuse in Scotland
23 Improvement Service (2021) Access to Welfare advice in schools
24 The Christie Commission on the future delivery of public services (2011)
25 Introduction to 2024-25 Programme for Government
26 Scottish Health Equity Research Unit (2025) Prevention Watch - March 2025
27 City of Edinburgh Council, 20-mph toolkit Edinburgh
28 Fondzenyuy, S. K, Turner, B. M, Burlacu, A. F, & Jurewicz, C. (2024). The contribution of excessive or inappropriate speeds to road traffic crashes and fatalities: A review of literature.
29 City of Edinburgh Council Local Transport Strategy 2014–2019. Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Council; 2014.
30 Scottish Government (2009) Scotland’s Road Safety Framework to 2020
31 Vision Zero means the overarching road safety vision is to work towards the provision of a modern road network where all users are safe from the risk of being killed or seriously injured.
32 Scottish Government (2021) Scotland’s Road Safety Framework to 2030
33 Urban liveability describes communities that are safe, attractive, socially cohesive and inclusive, and environmentally sustainable.
34 ROSPA (2023) Road safety factsheet: 20mph zones and speed limits
35 City of Edinburgh Council, Our story so far – 20mph toolkit Edinburgh
36 Jepson, R. et al (2022) Developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast: Mixed-methods study
37 City of Edinburgh Council (2015) Transport and Environment Committee. 20 for Edinburgh: 20-mph Network Implementation.
38 Data for this histogram consists of 12672 observations; average speed observations for 192 time points for each of the 66 monitored sites.
39 City of Edinburgh Council Transport and Environment Committee (2022) Evaluation of the 20mph Speed Limit Roll Out - Three Years Post-Implementation
40 Welsh Government (2025) Police recorded road collisions: July to September 2024
41 Global Road Safety Partnership, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2023) Speed management: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners
42 Scottish Government (2022) A Stronger & More Resilient Scotland: The Programme for Government 2022‑23
43 Scottish Government (2023) Equality, Opportunity and Community: Our Programme for Government
44 Unpublished Scottish Government paper ‘Maximising uptake of targeted interventions’
45 NIHR (2024) The benefits of co-locating mental health interventions in communities
46 Improvement Service (2024) Welfare and Health Partnerships 'Test and Learn' Programme Evaluation
47 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
48 Scottish Government (2018) Every child, every chance: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2018-2022
49 Scottish Government (2021) Maximising incomes and increasing access to benefits
50 Improvement Service (2020) Tackling Child Poverty in Scotland: Examples of Policy and Practice - Income from Benefits
51 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
52 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
53 City of Edinburgh Council services are organised into four localities. In each locality there are ‘cluster’; in which primary schools are organised or clustered around a secondary school.
54 Includes: Family Support; Welfare Rights Advice; Money/Debt Advice; Housing Advice/Tenancy sustainment; Support with/Representation at appeals or tribunals and Employability Advice/Support.
55 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
56 Scottish Government (2023) Learning from Person-Centred Approaches
57 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
58 An evaluative SROI measures the changes that a project or activity has delivered.
59 Scottish Government (2021) Covid Recovery Strategy : For a fairer future
60 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
61 Better Evaluation, Social return on investment
62 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
63 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
64 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
65 This tests which assumptions have the greatest effect on the model.
66 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
67 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
68 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
69 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
70 Scottish Government, Financial advice where people need it
71 Improvement Service, Welfare Advice and Health Partnerships
72 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
73 Improvement Service (2021) Access to welfare advice in schools
75 Unpublished survey by the Improvement Service, 2024
76 Children First, Support for Children and Families in Edinburgh
77 Section 1 of the State of Washington’s Second Substitute House Bill 1590 (2001)
78 Scottish Parliament (2005) Breastfeeding etc (Scotland) Act 2005
79 Scottish Parliament (2023) Policy Memorandum: Breastfeeding etc. (Scotland) Bill
80 Unicef (2024) The Baby Friendly Initiative
81 Scottish Government (2011) Improving maternal and infant nutrition: a framework for action
82 Scottish Government (2018) A healthier future: Scotland’s diet and healthy weight delivery plan
83 Scottish Government (2018) Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017
84 Lancet (2016) Breastfeeding: achieving the new normal
85 North Lanarkshire Council (2018) Policy and Resources Committee: Breastfeeding Support and Awareness
86 HealthandCare.Scot (2019) Lanarkshire hosts breastfeeding summit
87 North Lanarkshire Council (2020) Education and Families Committee Report: Protecting, Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding
88 Health and Social Care North Lanarkshire (2020) Strategic Commissioning Plan 2020-2023
89 North Lanarkshire Council (2021) Policy and Strategy Committee – Breastfeeding Friendly North Lanarkshire
90 North Lanarkshire Council (2024) Wellbeing and Tackling Poverty Committee: Resilient People, Breastfeeding Friendly Scotland Local Authority Award – Gold
91 The Pulse (2024) North Lanarkshire leads the way with Breastfeeding Friendly Scotland accreditation
92 North Lanarkshire Council (2024) Breastfeeding Friendly North Lanarkshire
93 North Lanarkshire Council (2024) Double Success at COSLA Excellence Awards
94 Ross, A. et al (2023) Evaluating childsmile, Scotland's National Oral Health Improvement Programme for children
95 Ministerial Foreword to An Action Plan for Improving Oral Health and Modernising NHS Dental Services in Scotland, 2005.
96 Scottish Government (2005) An Action Plan for Improving Oral Health and Modernising NHS Dental Services in Scotland
97 Adapted from Macpherson, L. et al (2010) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 1: establishment and development
99 Marinho, V., Worthington, H., Walsh, T., Clarkson, J. (2013) Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
100 Research relating to Childsmile conducted by the University of Glasgow, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing can be accessed here
101Jamie BR Kidd, Alex D McMahon, Andrea Sherriff, Wendy Gnich, Ahmed Mahmoud, Lorna MD Macpherson, David I Conway (2020) Evaluation of a national complex oral health improvement programme: a population data linkage cohort study in Scotland
102 Anopa Y, McMahon AD, Conway DI, Ball GE, McIntosh E, Macpherson LMD (2015) Improving Child Oral Health: Cost Analysis of a National Nursery Toothbrushing Programme
103 Scottish Government (2018) Oral Health Improvement Plan
104 BBC (2015) Childsmile Dental Scheme ‘saves NHS £5m a year’
105 Public Health Scotland (2024) National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP) 2024
106 Oral Health Platform - ChildSmile recognised as best practice by European Commission
107 Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2020) State of Child Health 2020
108 Scottish Government Press Release (2022) Dental services for all
109 WHO (2023) Coronavirus diseased (Covid-19) pandemic
110 Scottish Government (2020) Coronavirus (Covid-19) confirmed in Scotland
111 MHRA (2020) Archive: Information for Healthcare Professionals on Covid-19 vaccine Pfizer/BioNtech (Regulation 174)
112 MHRA (2020) Archive: Conditions of Authorisation for Covid-19 vaccine AstraZeneca (Regulation 174)
113 Scottish Government (2021) Coronavirus (Covid-19): Vaccine Deployment Plan
114 Scottish Government (2021) Coronavirus (Covid-19): Scotland’s Autumn/Winter Vaccination Strategy
115 Scottish Government (2022) Coronavirus (Covid-19) vaccine inclusion: vaccination programme
116 Shahul, S et al (2022) Characterising adults in Scotland who are not vaccinated against Covid-19
117 Usher Institute (2024) The history of EAVE II
118 Usher Institute (2024) An introduction to EAVE II
119 Simpson, C et al (2020) Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of Covid-19 (EAVE II): protocol for an observational study using linked Scottish national data
120 Public Health Scotland (2020) Covid-19 EAVE II study
121 Clift, A et al (2020) Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study
122 Simpson, C et al (2021) External validation of the QCovid risk prediction algorithm for risk of Covid-19 hospitalisation and mortality in adults: national validation cohort study in Scotland
123 Agrawal, U (2021) Association between multimorbidity and mortality in a cohort of patients admitted to hospital with Covid-19 in Scotland
124 Vasileiou E et al (2021) Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study
125 Simpson, C et al (2021) First-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland
126 Simpson, C et al (2021) Temporal trends and forecasting of Covid-19 hospitalisations and deaths in Scotland using a national real-time patient-level data platform: a statistical modelling study
127 Sheikh, A et al (2021) BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine effectiveness against death from the Delta variant
128 Kerr, S et al (2022) Severity of BA.2 variant and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease in Scotland
129 Robertson, C et al (2023) Severity of Omicron BA.5 variant and protective effect of vaccination: national cohort and matched analyses in Scotland
130 Kerr, S et al (2022) Waning of first and second dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccinations: A pooled target trial study of 12.9 million individuals in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
131 Van der Klaauw, A et al (2023) Accelerated waning of humoral response to Covid-19 vaccines in obesity,
132 Lindsay, L et al (2023) Neonatal and maternal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and Covid-19 vaccination: a population based matched cohort study
133 Fu, Y et al (2023) Cost-effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccination: a systematic review
134 Mesle, M et al (2024) Estimated number of lives directly saved by COVID-19 vaccination programmes in the WHO European Region from December, 2020, to March, 2023: a retrospective surveillance study
135 Mesle, M et al (2021) Estimated number of deaths directly averted in people 60 years and older as a result of COVID-19 vaccination in the WHO European Region, December 2020 to November 2021
136 Public Health Scotland (2021) An inclusive approach to flu and Covid-19 vaccination service delivery in Scotland – Recommendations from the 2020 and 2021 report
137 Gaughan, C et al (2022) Covid-19 vaccination uptake amongst ethnic minority communities in England: a linked study exploring the drivers of differential vaccination rates
138 Amele, S et al (2023) Ethnic inequalities in positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, infection prognosis, Covid-19 hospitalisations and deaths: analysis of 2 years of a record linked national cohort study in Scotland
139 Usher Institute (2024) Awards and Recognitions: A summary of the awards and achievements made by EAVE II and its team members
140 Scottish Parliament (2018) Statement by Minister for Employability and Training on the launch of Fair Start Scotland
141 Scottish Government (2016) Creating a Fairer Scotland: A New Future for Employability Support in Scotland
142 Scottish Government (2025) Scotland's Devolved Employment Services: Fair Start Scotland Statistical Summary February 2025
143 Scottish Government (2016) Creating a Fairer Scotland: A New Future for Employability Support in Scotland
144 Originally these groups were eligible after six months of unemployment, but this was changed from the third year of the programme.
145 Scottish Government (2022) Fair Start Scotland Factsheet
146 Scottish Government (2019) Fair Start Scotland evaluation report 1: implementation and early delivery review
147 Scottish Government (2019) Fair Start Scotland evaluation report 2: overview of year one - November 2019
148 Scottish Government (2020) Fair Start Scotland - evaluation report 3: year two - overview
149 Scottish Government (2021) Fair Start Scotland: evaluation report 4 - year 3 overview
150 Scottish Government (2023) Fair Start Scotland - evaluation report 5: participant phone survey - years 4 and 5 - November 2023
151 Scottish Government (2022) Fair Start Scotland: Economic Evaluation
152 Scottish Government (2025) Scotland's Devolved Employment Services statistics
153 As FSS closed to new referrals on the 31st March 2024, this represents the final number of starts on FSS
154 Scottish Government (2022) Fair Start Scotland: Economic Evaluation
155 Scottish Government (2021) Fair Start Scotland: evaluation report 4 - year 3 overview
156 Scottish Government (2009) The Early Years Framework
157 Scottish Government (2008) Equally Well: Report of the Ministerial Task Force on Health Inequalities
158 Scottish Government (2008) Moving Scotland Forward: The Government’s Programme for Scotland 2008-09.
159 Scottish Government (2008) Equally Well Implementation Plan
160 UK Government (2007) Reaching Out: An Action Plan on Social Exclusion
161 David Hall and Susan Hall (2007) The “Family-Nurse Partnership”: developing an instrument for identification, assessment and recruitment of clients
162 The Scottish Government (2009) The Early Years Framework.
163 See Nurse Family Partnership website
164 See Early Intervention Foundation website
165 Cardiff University (2015) The Building Blocks Trial
166 Cardiff University (2019) Building Blocks 2-6
167 Scottish Government (2020) Family Nurse Partnership evaluation: methods and process (See Appendix 1)
168 Ormston, R. McConville, S. and Gordon, J. (2012) Evaluation of the Family Nurse Partnership Programme in NHS Lothian, Scotland: 3rd Report – Infancy.
169 Scottish Government (2022) The Family Nurse Partnership in Scotland 10 Years On: A Detailed Analysis of FNP Data
170 Scottish Government (2014) Evaluation of the Family Nurse Partnership Programme in NHS Lothian, Scotland: Summery of Key Learning and Implications
171 Scottish Government (2021) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Family Nurse Partnership insights: evaluation report
172 Scottish Government (2022) The Family Nurse Partnership in Scotland 10 Years On: A Detailed Analysis of FNP Data
173 Cardiff University (2024) Evaluation of the Family Nurse Partnership in Scotland: A natural experiment using routine data
174 Monitoring information is published on the Family Nurse Partnership Scotland website
175 Scottish Government (2019) Family Nurse Partnership in Scotland: revaluation report
176 Cardiff University (2024) Evaluation of the Family Nurse Partnership in Scotland: A natural experiment using routine data
177 IFS (2024) The short- and medium-term impacts of Sure Start on educational outcomes
178 NICE, The evidence base for the for the family nurse partnership
179 Salihu HM, Wilson RE (2007) Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes
180 Stock, S and Bauld, L (2020) Maternal smoking and preterm birth: an unresolved health challenge
181 ISD Scotland (2011) Births in Scottish Hospitals
182 Public Health Scotland (2024) Antenatal booking in Scotland, calendar year ending 31 December 2023
183 Donatelle, R et al (2000) Randomised controlled trial using social support and financial incentives for high risk pregnant smokers: Significant Other Supporter (SOS) program
184 NHS Tayside (2024) Give it up for Baby
185 National Social Marketing Centre (2011) Give it Up for Baby
186 Radley et al (2013) Give it up for baby: outcomes and factors influencing uptake of a pilot smoking cessation incentive scheme for pregnant women
187 Macaskill, S et al (2009) Incentives to Engage Pregnant Smokers with Specialist Smoking Cessation Services: Feasibility Study in NHSGGC, Glasgow Centre for Population Health
188 Tappin, D et al (2015) Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial
189 Tappin, D et al (2022) Effect of voucher incentives provided with UK stop smoking services on the cessation of smoking in pregnant women (CPIT III): pragmatic, multicentre, single blinded, phase 3 randomised controlled trial
190 Tappin et al (2010) Smoking prevalence and smoking cessation services for pregnant women in Scotland
191 Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group (2019) Evidence into practice: supporting smokefree pregnancies through incentive schemes
192 Boyd et al, 2015 Are financial incentives cost-effective to support smoking cessation during pregnancy?
193 McMeekin et al, 2023 Financial incentives for quitting smoking in pregnancy: Are they cost-effective?
195 Hoddinott, P et al (2024) Text messages with financial incentives for men with obesity: A randomised clinical trial
196 Chamberlain, C et al (2017) Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
197 Notley et al (2025) Incentives for smoking cessation (updated from 2019)
198 NICE (2021) Guideline NG209 Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence
200Ussher, M et al (2024) Effect of 3 months and 12 months of financial incentives on 12 month postpartum smoking cessation maintenance: a randomised controlled trial
201 Department of Health and Social Care (2023) Stopping the start: our new plan to create a smokefree generation
202 NHS England (2024) National smoke-free pregnancy incentive scheme
* This is the basis for considering Housing First as primary rather than secondary or tertiary prevention; although the target population are already experiencing homelessness, the intervention aims to prevent persistent homelessness and the negative outcomes that follow, such as engagement with police, justice and acute health services.
[203] Littlewood, M., Bramley, G., Fitzpatrick, S. & Wood, J. (2017) Eradicating Core Homelessness
204 IPPR Scotland (2022) Translating ambition into outcomes: A review of three policy case studies
205 Bramley, G. & Fitzpatrick, S. (2017) Homelessness in the UK: who is most at risk?
206 Bramley, G., Leishman, C., Cosgrove, P. & Watkins, D. (2016) What Would Make a Difference? Modelling policy scenarios for tackling poverty in the UK, Annex G
207 Scottish Parliament (2018) Report on Homelessness; Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Action Group (2018) Final recommendations report
208 Scottish Government (2018) Ending homelessness and rough sleeping: action plan
209 Scottish Government (2018) Housing First: Funding to help end homelessness
210 Homeless Link (2017) Housing First in England: the principles
211 Mackie, P., Johnsen, S. & Wood, J. (2017) Ending rough sleeping: what works?
212 Johnsen, S. (2013) TPS Housing First Final Report
213 Johnsen, S., Blenkinsopp, J. & Rayment, M. (2022) Scotland's Housing First Pathfinder Evaluation: Final Report; Key Messages (blog)
214 Scottish Government Housing First
215 Morrison, D. (2009) Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: results from a retrospective cohort study
216 Scottish Government (2021) Housing to 2040
217 Scottish Government (2025) Housing First: monitoring report - 1 April 2024 to 30 September 2024
218 Jones, S., Albanese, F. & Revelli, M. (2022) Achieving A New Systems Perspective To Ending Homelessness Through Housing First: A policy and practice guide
219 Scottish Drug Deaths Taskforce (2022) Changing Lives - Final Report
220 Scottish Government (2013) Scottish Health Survey 2012 - volume 1: main report;
221 SHAAP (2023) The Scottish Health Survey: Alcohol Use
222 ScotPHO (2024) Chronic liver disease: international comparisons
223 Public Health Scotland PHS Alcohol Dashboard
224 Bellis M., Hughes K., Nicholls J., et al. (2016) The alcohol harm paradox
225 Scottish Government (2010) The Societal Cost of Alcohol Misuse in Scotland for 2007
226 Johnson, M., Ludbrook, A. & Jaffray, M. (2012) Inequalities in the Distribution of the Costs of Alcohol Misuse in Scotland
227 Scottish Government (2009) Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action
228 Scottish Parliament (2013) Passage of the Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Bill 2011
229 Scottish Parliament (2010) Alcohol Etc. (Scotland) Bill - Parliamentary Business: Scottish Parliament
230 Sheffield Addictions Research Group (2012) Modelling the impact of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in Scotland
231 The Alcohol (Minimum Pricing)(Scotland) Act 2012 (Continuation) Order 2024 | Scottish Parliament
232 The Alcohol (Minimum Price per Unit) (Scotland) Order 2018
233 Zhao, J., Stockwell, T., Martin, G. et al 2013 The relationship between minimum alcohol prices, outlet densities and alcohol-attributable deaths in British Columbia, 2002-2009
234 Anderson, P., Chisholm, D., & Fuhr, D. 2009 Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol
235 Wagenaar, A., Salois, M., & Komro, K. 2009 Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies
236 Wagenaar, A. Tobler, A. & Komro, K. 2010 Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review
237 Public Health Scotland 2021 Protocol for the evaluation of Minimum Unit Pricing for alcohol
238 Petrie, D., Ludbrook, A., Gobey, M. et al. 2010 Scoping study of the economic impact on the alcohol industry of pricing and non-price policies to regulate the affordability and availability of alcohol in Scotland. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland.
239 Public Health Scotland (2023) Evaluating the impact of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in Scotland: A synthesis of the evidence
240 Public Health Scottland (2022) MUP Evaluation Evidence Synthesis Protocol
241 Scottish Government (2023) Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012 - operation and effect 2018 to 2023: report
242 Wyper, G., Mackay, D., Fraser, C. et al. (2023) Evaluating the impact of alcohol minimum unit pricing on deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland: A controlled interrupted time series study
243 Scottish Government (2023) Alcohol - Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) - continuation and future pricing: consultation analysis
244 Scottish Government (2023) Alcohol - minimum unit pricing: public attitudes research
245 SARG 2023 New modelling of alcohol pricing policies, alcohol consumption and harm in Scotland
246 Gilmore, I., Finlay, I., McKee, M. et al (2023) Commending Public Health Scotland's evaluation of minimum unit pricing
247 Anderson, P., Stockwell, T., Natera, G. et al (2023) Minimum unit pricing for alcohol saves lives, so why is it not implemented more widely?
248 WHO 2022 European framework for action on alcohol, 2022–2025
249 WHO 2023 No place for cheap alcohol: Scotland’s minimum unit pricing policy is protecting lives
250 PHAA 2023 Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol: Lessons from Scotland for Australia
251 Billan, S., Angus, C., & Collins, B. (2025) Evaluating the impact of minimum unit alcohol pricing on purchasing behaviour by different social class and age groups in Wales: A controlled interrupted time series study
252 Audit Scotland 2024 Alcohol and drug services
253 Alex Stedmon, David McKenzie, Martin Langham, Kevin McKechnie, Richard Perry, Stuart Wilson,
Safeguarding motorcyclists: Trialing new PRIME road markings for casualty reduction, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Volume 83, 2021, Pages 333-350.
254 Stedmon, A.W. (2022). Safeguarding Vulnerable Road Users: Motorcycle Safety in Scotland using Applied Psychology to Influence Rider Behaviour - Summary Report of PRIME Road Marking Trials 2020 to 2022. Report prepared for Transport Scotland by Open Road Simulation Ltd.
255 Transport Scotland (2021) Scotland’s Road Safety Framework to 2030
256 Transport Scotland (2018) Reported Road Casualties Scotland 2018
257 Transport Scotland (2019) Reported Road Casualties Scotland 2019
258 Human Factors is an applied field of study that brings together psychology, engineering and design to help us understand the way people behave in everyday situations and complex systems (Open Road Simulation)
259 Hirsch, L., Moore, D., Stedmon, A.W., Mackie, H., and Scott, R. (2017). Keeping you in the loop: A human factors approach to motorcycling safety. In, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of New Zealand Annual Conference, 5-7 September 2017, Wellington, New Zealand
260 Hirsch, L., Scott, R., Mackie, H., Stedmon, A.W., and Moore, D. (2018). Motorcycle safety on the Coromandel curves: The development and evaluation of perceptual counter -measures to influence rider speed, position and braking. Prepared for the Accident Compensation Corporation
261 Transport Scotland, New road markings transform behaviour of motorcyclists on bends
262 Transport Scotland (2020) National Transport Strategy (NTS2) - Delivery Plan – 2020 to 2022
263 Public Health Scotland, National Naloxone Programme Scotland - Data and intelligence
264 Scottish Government (2018) Rights, respect and recovery: alcohol and drug treatment strategy
265 Scottish Government (2022) National Mission on Drug Deaths: Plan 2022-2026
266 Bird SM, McAuley A, Perry S, Hunter C (2016) Effectiveness of Scotland's National Naloxone Programme for reducing opioid-related deaths: a before (2006-10) versus after (2011-13) comparison
267 Scottish Government (2008) The Road to Recovery: A New Approach to Tackling Scotland's Drug Problem
268 Blake Stevenson Ltd. (2014) Service Evaluation of Scotland’s National Take-Home Naloxone Programme
269 Patient group directions allow healthcare professionals to supply and administer specified medicines to pre-defined groups of patients, without a prescription. NICE guidance.
270 Strang J, Kelleher M, Best D, Mayet S, Manning V (2006) Emergency naloxone for heroin overdose - should it be available over the counter?
271 Horsburgh, K. Naloxone in Scotland: A National Approach
272 McAuley A, Bouttell J, Barnsdale L, Mackay D, Lewsey J, Hunter C, Robinson M. (2017) Evaluating the impact of a national naloxone programme on ambulance attendance at overdose incidents: a controlled time-series analysis.
273 Hillen, P, Speakman, E, Dougall, N, Heyman, I, Murray, J, Jamieson, M, …McAuley, A. (2022) Naloxone In Police Scotland: Pilot evaluation.
274 Horsburgh K, McAuley A (2017) Scotland's national naloxone program: The prison experience
275 Public Health Scotland (2024) Evaluation of the 2021–2026 National Mission on Drug Deaths. Evaluation Framework.
276 Bird, S. McAuley, A. (2019) Scotland’s National Naloxone Programme
277 National Records of Scotland (2024) Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2023
278 The Lancet (2019) Take-home naloxone: a life saver in opioid overdose
279 The percentage of people at risk of an opioid overdose who have been supplied with take home naloxone
280 Scottish Government (2023) National Mission on Drugs: annual monitoring report 2022-2023
281 Police Scotland (2024) Police Scotland Quarter 2 YTD Performance Report: April to September 2024
282 Scottish Government Drugs Policy Team data
283 Public Health Scotland (2024) National naloxone programme Scotland - monitoring report 2021/22 and 2022/23
284 The Human Medicines (Amendments Relating to Naloxone and Transfers of Functions) Regulations 2024
285 Cooper, Kerris and Stewart, Kitty (2021) Does household income affect children’s outcomes? A systematic review of the evidence
286 Audit Scotland (2022) Tackling Child Poverty
287 Donald Hirsch (2021) The cost of Child Poverty in 2021
288 SPICE (2021) Child Poverty in Scotland since the 1960s
289 Poverty and Inequality Commission (2018) Advice on the Scottish Government’s Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2018
290 Scottish Government (2018) Every Child, Every Chance: Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2018-2022
291 Scottish Government (2019) Programme for Government 2019 to 2020
292 Scottish Government (2019) Analysis of Options for the Income Supplement
293 Scottish Government (2020) Equality Impact Assessment: Scottish Child Payment
294 Scottish Government (2020) Fairer Scotland Duty Impact Assessment: Scottish Child Payment
295 Scottish Parliament (2021) Scottish Child Payment
296 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish Budget 2025 to 2026
297 Scottish Government (2022) Interim Evaluation of Scottish Child Payment
298 Scottish Government (2022) Interim Evaluation of Scottish Child Payment
299 Scottish Government (2025) Child Poverty Summary
300 Scottish Government (2025) Child Poverty Modelling: Update. Note that the change in the observed child poverty rate over time is not necessarily attributable
301 JRF (2021) Turning the tide on child poverty in Scotland
302 JRF (2021) Laying the foundations for a Scotland without poverty
303 JRF (2024) Poverty in Scotland 2024
304 Scottish Parliament (2021) Scottish Child Payment: Where next?
305 Scottish Parliament (2024) Is Scotland going to meet its child poverty targets
306 Fraser of Allander Institute (2021) Mission (not) impossible: How ambitious are the Scottish Government’s child poverty targets?
307 Fraser of Allander Institute (2022) Modelling packages to meet Scotland’s child poverty targets
308 Fraser of Allander Institute (2024) The Impact of the Scottish Child Payment on the need for food banks
309 Quote from evidence submitted to the 2024 Scottish Parliamentary Inquiry into the Scottish Child Payment
310 Scottish Government (2025) Press release: Child Poverty in Scotland Falls
311 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish Budget 2025 to 2026: distributional analysis
312 Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2023) Destitution in the UK 2023
313 The Trussell Trust (2023) Emergency food parcel distribution in Scotland: April 2022 - March 2023
314 Scottish Government (2024) Take-up rates of Scottish benefits: November 2024
315 Scottish Fiscal Commission (2024) Scotland’s Economic and Fiscal Forecasts – December 2024 | Scottish Fiscal Commission
316 Fraser of Allander Institute (2025) Meeting Scotland’s Child Poverty Targets: Modelling and Policy Packages.
317 Poverty and Inequality Commission (2018) Advice on the Scottish Government’s Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2018
318 Semple, S et al (2007) Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: the effect of smokefree legislation. NB: this article cites earlier reports only available on the NHS Health Scotland archive from 2004 that were commissioned to inform the public consultation prior to the legislation.
319 Scottish Centre for Social Research (2024) The Scottish Health Survey 2023: Volume 1, main report
320 Learmouth, A (2021) 15 years off the fags: the story of Scotland’s smoking ban
321 Cairney, P (2007) Using devolution to set the agenda? Venue shift and the smoking ban in Scotland,
322 ASH Scotland (2005) The Unwelcome Guest: How Scotland invited the tobacco industry to smoke outside
323 The few exemptions included residential accommodation; designated rooms in adult care homes, hospices, psychiatric units and off-shore installations; designated hotel rooms, prison cells and police interview rooms; and private cars.
324 These reports were published on the NHS Health Scotland website in 2005, which has now been archived
325 Haw, S et al (2006) Legislation on smoking in enclosed public places in Scotland: how will we evaluate the impact?
326 Haw, S (2010). Chapter 3: Fresh Air? In Barlow, Joy (ed.) 2010, Substance Misuse: The Implications of Research, Policy and Practice.
327 Mackay, D et al (2010) Smokefree legislation and hospitalisations for childhood asthma
328 Mackay, D et al (2012) Impact of Scotland’s smokefree legislation on pregnancy complications: retrospective cohort study
329 Lewis, S et al (2008) The impact of the 2006 Scottish smokefree legislation on sales of nicotine replacement therapy
330 Hackshaw, L et al (2009) Quit attempts in response to smokefree legislation in England
331 Ludbrook, A, et al (2005). International review of the health and economic impact of the regulation of smoking in public places (URL no longer live – see Improved public health: Smoke free legislation in Scotland and Report on the Financial Memorandum of the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Bill for supporting evidence).
332 Pell, J et al (2008) Smoke-free legislation and hospitalisations for acute coronary syndrome
333 Mackay, D et al (2019) Ten-year follow up of the impact of Scottish smokefree legislation on acute myocardial infarction
334 Hyland, A et al (2009) The impact of smokefree legislation in Scotland: results from the Scottish ITC Scotland/UK longitudinal surveys
335 Akhtar et al (2010) Socioeconomic differences in second-hand smoke exposure among children in Scotland after introduction of the smoke-free legislation
336 Moore et al (2012) Socio-economic inequalities in childhood exposure to secondhand smoke before and after smoke-free legislation in three UK countries
337 Scottish Government (2016) Dramatic fall in second-hand smoke exposure
338 Scottish Government (2023) Equally Safe: Scotland’s Strategy for Preventing and Eradicating Violence Against Women and Girls
339 World Health Organisation (2024) Violence against women
340 Scottish Government (2016) Caledonian System Evaluation: Analysis of a programme for tackling domestic abuse in Scotland
341 Scottish Government (2023) Violence Prevention Framework: Evidence Supplement
342 Scottish Government (2018) Equally Safe 2018: Scotland's strategy to eradicate violence against women
343 SCCJR (2019) Taking Stock of Violence in Scotland
344 Defined in the survey as ‘any form of physical, non-physical or sexual abuse, which takes place within the context of a close relationship, committed either in the home or elsewhere. This relationship will be between partners (married, co-habiting or otherwise) or ex-partners.’
345 Murray/Scottish Government (2016) Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Partner Abuse
346 European Institute for Gender Equality (2014) Cost of Violence against Women largely underestimated
347 Home Office (2019) The economic and social costs of domestic abuse
348 Community Justice Scotland, Community Payback Order Programme: Domestic Offences
349 In order to be accredited by SAPOR a ‘theory manual’ must be produced which demonstrates how the programme is based on the latest international evidence.
350 Working with men in isolation has the potential to increase the risk of harm to women partners, for example men may resent having to attend and blame their partner for the fact they are on the programme.
351 Scottish Advisory Panel on Offending Reduction (SAPOR)
352 Base: All with a SARA 1 score at Assessment and Maintenance stages (195)
353 Scottish Government, Tackling domestic abuse
354 Community Justice Scotland, Domestic Abuse-Related Training by Local Authority
355 Scottish Government (2024) Domestic abuse: statistics recorded by the police in Scotland, 2023 to 2024
356 The Scottish Crime and Justice Survey results have been delayed due to Covid-19 with the last publication in 2021
Contact
Email: Tom.Lamplugh@gov.scot