Trade: our vision

Footnotes

A. Frankel and D. Romer (1999) Does Trade Cause Growth? https://eml.berkeley.edu/~dromer/papers/AER_June99.pdf and E. Ortiz-Ospina and D. Beltekian (2018) Trade and Globalization https://ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012) Policy Priorities for International Trade and Jobs, Chapter 1: Trade and Employment in a Fast-Changing World https://www.oecd.org/site/tadicite/50286917.pdf

European Commission Chief Economist Note (2015) Consumer benefits from EU trade liberalisation: How much did we save since the Uruguay Round? https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/february/tradoc_156619.pdf

D Rodrik (2011) The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/publications/globalization-paradox-democracy-and-future-world-economy; P.R Krugman (2008) Trade and Wages, Reconsidered https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/2008a_bpea_krugman.pdf; and D. Autor et.al (2020) The China Trade Shock – Studying the Impact of China's Rise on Workers, Firms, and Markets https://chinashock.info/

Scottish Government (2020) Export Statistics Scotland 2018 https://www.gov.scot/publications/export-stats-scotland-2018/

Scottish Government (May 2019) GDP Quarterly National Accounts, Scotland, 2018 Quarter 4 https://www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-for-scotland-2018-q4/

World Trade Organization (2019) The future of services trade https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/01_wtr19_0_e.pdf

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018) Key Statistics and Trends in Trade Policy https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2019d1_en.pdf

New Zealand Government (September 2019) https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-zealand-leading-trade-agreement-driving-action-climate-change-and-environment

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019) Global Assessment Report https://ipbes.net/global-assessment

Scottish Government (2018) Scotland's Place in Europe: People, Jobs and Investment https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-place-europe-people-jobs-investment/pages/4/

Scottish Government (April 2020) State of the Economy https://www.gov.scot/publications/state-economy-april-2020/pages/6/

WTO (October 2020) 2020 Press Release: Trade shows signs of rebound from COVID-19, recovery still uncertain https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr862_e.htm

Resolution Foundation (2020) Jobs, jobs, jobs: evaluating the effects of the current economic crisis on the UK labour market https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/jobs-jobs-jobs/

Scottish Government (March 2020) Press release on US-UK FTA negotiations https://www.gov.scot/news/reckless-approach-to-us-trade-talks/

Scottish Government (2018) Scotland's role in the development of future UK trade arrangements https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-role-development-future-uk-trade-arrangments/

European Commission (2018) Feedback and way forward on improving the implementation and enforcement of Trade and Sustainable Development chapters in EU Free Trade Agreements https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/february/tradoc_156618.pdf

"Plan, invest and implement a transition to environmentally and socially sustainable jobs, sectors and economies, building on Scotland's economic and workforce strengths and potential; create opportunities to develop resource efficient and sustainable economic approaches, which help address inequality and poverty; design and deliver low carbon investment and infrastructure, and make all possible efforts to create decent, fair and high value work, in a way which does not negatively affect the current workforce and overall economy." Scottish Government (2020) Just Transition Commission https://www.gov.scot/groups/just-transition-commission/

United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018) Special report on the implications of global warming of 1.5°C https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/; and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019) Global Assessment Report https://ipbes.net/global-assessment.

Scottish Government (2020) Environment Strategy for Scotland: Vision and Outcomes https://www.gov.scot/publications/environment-strategy-scotland-vision-outcomes/

United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2014) Global governance and global rules for development in the post-2015 era https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2014cdppolicynote.pdf

Institute for Government (2021) Non-tariff barriers explainer https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/non-tariff-barriers

European Commission (2019) Report on Trade and Investment barriers https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2020/june/tradoc_158789.pdf

TheCityUK (2020) International Trade Agreements and UK Immigration Policy: a Practical Blueprint for Evolution https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2020/Reports/cfe0ef1b16/International-trade-agreements-and-UK-immigration-policy-a-practical-blueprint-for-evolution.pdf

World Trade Organization (2019) The future of services trade https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/01_wtr19_0_e.pdf

OECD (2019) Services Trade Restrictiveness Index https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=STRI

UK Government Department for International Trade (September 2020) Trade barriers removed to boost business https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/news.nsf/articles/Trade+barriers+removed+to+boost+business+24092020151000

UK Government Department for International Trade (March 2020) The UK's Approach to Trade Negotiations with the US https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-approach-to-trade-negotiations-with-the-us

Scotland: a trading nation – gov.scot (www.gov.scot) Scottish Government (2019) Scotland: A Trading Nation

Social Enterprise in Scotland (2019) Census https://socialenterprisecensus.org.uk/

Voluntary Code of Practice for Social Enterprise in Scotland (2019) www.se-code.net

This is in line with the recommendations of the CityUK and EY: TheCityUK (2020) International Trade Agreements and UK Immigration Policy: a Practical Blueprint for Evolution https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2020/Reports/cfe0ef1b16/International-trade-agreements-and-UK-immigration-policy-a-practical-blueprint-for-evolution.pdf

TheCityUK (2020) International Trade Agreements and UK Immigration Policy: a Practical Blueprint for Evolution https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2020/Reports/cfe0ef1b16/International-trade-agreements-and-UK-immigration-policy-a-practical-blueprint-for-evolution.pdf

OECD, WTO, World Bank (2020) Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade: https://www.oecd.org/sdd/its/Handbook-on-Measuring-Digital-Trade-Version-1.pdf

Federation of Small Businesses (2020) Finding Our Feet: Scottish small businesses and the coronavirus crisis https://www.fsb.org.uk/resource-report/finding-our-feet.htm this reports that a fifth of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Scotland had adopted new digital technologies during the pandemic.

WTO (December 2020) News release: E-commerce co-convenors release update on the negotiations, welcome encouraging progress https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/ecom_14dec20_e.htm

Y., Roelfsema, H., Rizal, Y.D, Stephenson, S., Tu, X., Van der Marel, E., Yagci, M. (2020). "Digital Technologies, Services and the Fourth Industrial Revolution", Jean Monnet TIISA Network Working Paper no. 2020-02, 14 April 2020. https://iit.adelaide.edu.au/ua/media/564/TIISA%20Working%20Paper%202020.02%20ver3%5B3%5D.pdf

International Trade Committee Inquiry: The COVID-19 Pandemic and International Trade Evidence submitted by the UK Trade Policy Observatory (UKTPO), Sussex University https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/2487/pdf/

OECD, WTO, World Bank (2020) Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade: https://www.oecd.org/sdd/its/Handbook-on-Measuring-Digital-Trade-Version-1.pdf

Scottish Government (2020) Renewing Scotland's full potential in a digital world: consultation paper https://www.gov.scot/publications/renewing-scotlands-full-potential-digital-world/

Scottish Government (2020) Scottish technology ecosystem review https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-technology-ecosystem-review/

Scottish Government (2020) Shaping Scotland's Economy: Scotland's Inward Investment Plan https://www.gov.scot/publications/shaping-scotlands-economy-scotlands-inward-investment-plan

OECD (2013) International Regulatory Co-operation: Rules for a Global World http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=GOV/RPC(2012)8/REV1&docLanguage=En

Institute for Government (2021) Non-tariff barriers explainer https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/non-tariff-barriers

The UK Chemical Industries Association (CIA) estimates, the UK's new system would add more than £1bn in costs to companies to duplicate registrations and risks repeating animal testing should UK companies be unable to negotiate access to underlying data. Financial Times (August 3 2020) https://www.ft.com/content/a1c4a5dc-f627-4689-97ae-909d4aaf6162

Scotch Whisky Association https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/international-trade/

Nesta Foundation (2019) Renewing Regulation: 'anticipatory regulation' in an age of disruption https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/renewing-regulation-anticipatory-regulation-in-an-age-of-disruption/

EU-Lex (2016) The Precautionary Principle https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:l32042#:~:text=%20The%20precautionary%20principle%20shall%20be%20informed%20by,once%20the%20results%20of%20the%20scientific...%20More%20

European Parliament Think Tank (2015): The precautionary principle – definitions, applications and governance https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_IDA(2015)573876

Whilst a dual tariff system may promote better quality food entering the country, it would still also be a backdoor for what we consider low quality food produce, such as chlorinated chicken and hormone-fed beef, pouring into our market." – Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (2020) https://www.cieh.org/news/press-releases/2020/government-must-not-go-back-on-promises-over-food-standards/

OECD (2020) non-tariff measures

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK Government (2020) International Regulatory Cooperation for a Global Britain https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913730/international-regulatory-cooperation-for-a-global-britain.pdf

OECD (2020) Trade in Value Added http://www.oecd.org/industry/ind/measuring-trade-in-value-added.htm

D Rodrik (2011) The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/publications/globalization-paradox-democracy-and-future-world-economy; P.R Krugman (2008) Trade and Wages, Reconsidered https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/2008a_bpea_krugman.pdf; and D. Autor et.al (2020) The China Trade Shock – Studying the Impact of China's Rise on Workers, Firms, and Markets https://chinashock.info/

J. Haskell and M.J. Slaughter (1999) Trade, Technology and UK Wage Inequality https://www.nber.org/papers/w6978

P. Antras (2020) De-globalisation? Global Value Chains in the Post-COVID-19 Age; Harvard University

D. Autor et al (2016) The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015041

A.B Bernard et al (1995) Exporters, jobs, and wages in US manufacturing: 1976-1987. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5177099_Exporters_Jobs_and_Wages_in_US_Manufacturing_1976-1987

A. Singh and A. Zammit (2004) Labour Standards and the "Race to the Bottom" https://www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/centre-for-business-research/downloads/working-papers/wp279.pdf

J.F Hornbeck (2013) Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Its Role in U.S. Trade Policy https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41922.pdf and R.M Vijaya (2010) Broken Buffer; how Trade Adjustment Assistance Fails American Workers https://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/Broken_Buffer_FINAL.pdf

International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (2017) The Case for Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy https://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/the-case-for-mainstreaming-gender-in-trade-policy

Scottish Government (2020) Shaping Scotland's Economy: Scotland's Inward Investment Plan https://www.gov.scot/publications/shaping-scotlands-economy-scotlands-inward-investment-plan

This was recommended by the International Trade Committee (2018) Trade and the Commonwealth: Developing Countries https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmintrade/667/667.pdf

The UNCTAD Trade and Gender Toolbox provides a systematic framework to evaluate the impact of trade reforms on women prior to their implementation https://unctad.org/webflyer/unctad-trade-and-gender-tool-box

Education International (2017) Education and Trade https://www.ei-ie.org/en/detail_page/4640/education-and-trade

UK Women's Budget Group (2019), Gender and Trade: https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FINAL-.pdf and ActionAid Policy Briefing (2018) From Rhetoric to Rights: Towards Gender-Just Trade from_rhetoric_to_rights_towards_gender-just_trade_actionaid_policy_briefing.pdf

Women's Budget Group Commission on a Gender-equal Economy (2020) Creating a caring economy https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/WBG-Report-v10.pdf

ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for women 2017 (Geneva, 2017). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/trends-for-women2017/lang—en/index.htm

WTO (accessed January 2021) General overview of WTO work on government procurement https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/gproc_e/overview_e.htm

International Trade Centre (2014) Empowering Women through Public Procurement https://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/Women%20procurement%20guide-final-web.pdf

European Commission (2016) Buying Green: A handbook on green public procurement 3rd edition https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/Buying-Green-Handbook-3rd-Edition.pdf

OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (2020) COVID-19 and International Trade – Issues and Actions http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-international-trade-issues-and-actions-494da2fa/

OECD (2020) Regulatory quality and COVID-19: Managing the risks and supporting the recovery http://www.oecd.org/regreform/regulatory-policy/regulatory-quality-and-covid-19-managing-the-risks-and-supporting-the-recovery.pdf

S. Friel et al (2014) Trade Policy and Public Health https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122739

The NHS in Scotland spent £1.8bn on drugs in 2017/18, 13.4% of its total budget Terms of trade which increase the price paid for medicines or medical devices could significantly impact NHS finances.

For example, the Australian government's decision to introduce plain packaging for tobacco was challenged in court by the tobacco giant Philip Morris, using a clause in Australia's 1993 investment treaty with Hong Kong. Although the court ultimately found for the government, defending the case cost Australia nearly 40 million dollars.

Which? Consumer Organisation (2020) National trade conversation: what really matters to consumers about future trade deals https://action.which.co.uk/page/-/National%20Trade%20Conversation%20report%20-%20Which.pdf

Ernst & Young (2020) Future consumer index: how COVID-19 is changing consumer behaviours https://www.ey.com/en_gl/consumer-products-retail/how-covid-19-could-change-consumer-behavior

YouGov (2020) Could COVID-19 ultimately save the high street? https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2020/07/10/-covid-19-coronavirus-UK-high-street-local-effect

Conscious Consumers Spending Index (2020) https://www.goodmustgrow.com/ccsi and New Food (2020) https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/109732/covid-19-likely-to-prompt-era-of-ethical-consumption-survey-finds/

UK Government Department for International Trade (August 2020) Public Attitudes to Trade Tracker Wave Two Report https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908023/dit-patt-wave2-main-report.pdf?utm_source=POLITICO.EU&utm_campaign=bca06b1976-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_08_11_05_59&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_10959edeb5-bca06b1976-190640272

["…83% of people trust the FT Mark. In Scotland (2016 survey) 43% respondents indicated that they had purchased Fair Trade products in the past year, with over half of this group also indicating that they would be prepared to pay more for FT branded goods of the same quality, and 40% indicating that they would pay the same." Scottish Government (2020) What future for Fair Trade in Scotland? https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/independent-report/2020/02/2019-review-fair-trade-scotland/documents/future-fair-trade-scotland-final-report/future-fair-trade-scotland-final-report/govscot%3Adocument/future-fair-trade-scotland-final-report.pdf

BSI (2020) Sustainable consumption and production https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/sustainable-consumption-production/

Consumer Scotland is a new non-Ministerial public body. Once established, it will act as the advocate for Scottish consumers. It will represent the voice of the consumer, providing clear information as to what the Scottish consumer deserves and expects.

https://www.beuc.eu/

World Trade Organization (2020) Short answers to Big Questions on the WTO and the environment envirqapublication_e.pdf (wto.org)

Ibid.

New Zealand Trade for All Advisory Board (2019) Final Report https://www.tradeforalladvisoryboard.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/FINAL-with-cover-Trade-for-All-report.pdf (tradeforalladvisoryboard.org.nz)

F.Pendrill et. Al (2020) Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378018314365

UK Trade Policy Observatory (2020) Can the UK Government be 'world-leading' in both trade and climate policy? https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/uktpo/publications/can-the-uk-government-be-world-leading-in-both-trade-and-climate-policy/

Excluding intra-EU trade, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2007) reported that, in 2006, seaborne cargo accounted for 89.6 per cent of world trade transport by volume and seaborne trade made up 70.1 per cent of global trade transport by value. Meanwhile, airborne cargo accounted for 14.1 per cent https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trade_climate_change_e.pdf.

WTO-UNEP Report (2009) Trade and Climate Change https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trade_climate_change_e.pdf

Global Maritime Forum (2020) Getting to Zero Coalition https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/getting-to-zero-coalition/

World Economic Forum (2020) How decarbonizing shipping could unlock a global energy transition https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/decarbonizing-shipping-global-energy-transition/

Non paper of the EU Commission services (2018) Feedback and way forward on improving the implementation and enforcement of Trade and Sustainable Development chapters in EU Free Trade Agreements https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/february/tradoc_156618.pdf

UNCTAD (2020) International Trade in Developing Economies https://sdgpulse.unctad.org/trade-developing-economies/

United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2020) List of Least Developed Countries https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf

UNCTAD (2020) International Trade in Developing Economies https://sdgpulse.unctad.org/trade-developing-economies/

World Trade Organization Sub Committee on Least Developed Countries (2020) Market access for products and services of export interest to Least Developed Countries https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/COMTD/LDCW68.pdf&Open=True

Ibid.

Scottish Government (2020) National Performance Framework https://nationalperformance.gov.scot/contribution-development-support-other-nations

Scottish Government (2020) Fair Trade in Scotland: review https://www.gov.scot/publications/2019-review-fair-trade-scotland/pages/5/

Center for Global Development (October 2020) Policy Paper 187: Developing country trade access after Brexit – the UK's plans for the Generalized System of Preferences https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/developing-country-trade-access-after-brexit-uks-plans-generalized-system-preferences.pdf

World Trade Organization (2017) Introduction to the WTO dispute settlement system https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s2p1_e.htm

Non paper of the EU Commission services (2018) Feedback and way forward on improving the implementation and enforcement of Trade and Sustainable Development chapters in EU Free Trade Agreements https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/february/tradoc_156618.pdf

British Council (2018) The Value of Trust https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/the_value_of_trust.pdf

Dekker et al. (2007) Diverse Europe – Public opinion on the European Union https://www.scp.nl/dsresource

OECD Library (2019) Aid for Trade at a Glance 18ea27d8-en.pdf (oecd-ilibrary.org)

World Employment and Social Outlook – Trends for Women 2018 – Global snapshot (ilo.org)

ActionAid Policy Briefing (2018) From Rhetoric to Rights: Towards Gender-Just Trade from_rhetoric_to_rights_towards_gender-just_trade_actionaid_policy_briefing.pdf

OECD Library (2019) Aid for Trade at a Glance 18ea27d8-en.pdf (oecd-ilibrary.org)

New Zealand Trade for All Advisory Board (2019) Final Report FINAL-with-cover-Trade-for-All-report.pdf (tradeforalladvisoryboard.org.nz)

International Labour Organisation (2017) 'Global Estimates of Modern Slavery', https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575540.pdf

Canada and the US have imposed import bans on goods produced with forced labour, whilst France has introduced legislation which requires due diligence from companies on forced labour. Germany and the EU are considering similar measures. Most recently, the UK announced a series of measures to ensure UK businesses and the public sector are not complicit in these human rights violations.

EU Parliament News (2019) Globalisation: how EU trade policy helps promote human rights https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20190612STO54309/globalisation-how-eu-trade-policy-helps-promote-human-rights].

OECD Library (2019) Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development 2019: Empowering People and Ensuring Inclusiveness and Equality https://www.oecd.org/publications/policy-coherence-for-sustainable-development-2019-a90f851f-en.htm

Ibid

The UNGPs offer guidance on the forms remediation may take, particularly where violations have occurred. Actions include compensation, replacement housing for communities, apologies for harms caused, reinstatement in a job, contribution to communities' livelihoods, agreement on joint monitoring of a situation, compensation for crops destroyed across multiple individuals or communities, agreement to provide improved living quarters for workers. https://www.ungpreporting.org/reporting-framework/management-of-salient-human-rights-issues/remediation/

J. Zerk (2019) Human Rights Impact Assessment of Trade Agreements https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-02-18HumanRightsTradeAgreements.pdf