Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification: evidence paper

Footnotes

1. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public accessed on 27 September, data relate to 26 September

2. Source: Daily COVID-19 Cases in Scotland - Daily Case Trends By Health Board - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot) Accessed 28 September 2021 with data up to 24 September 2021.

3. Public Health Scotland COVID-19 Statistical Report 22 September 2021

4. Coronavirus (COVID-19): state of the epidemic - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

5. All scenarios are based on current vaccine roll-out plans and efficacy assumptions. Data to 20th September.

6. The actual positive tests are adjusted to coincide with the estimated day of infection.

7. Actual data does not include full numbers of CPAP. ICU bed actuals include all ICU patients being treated for Covid-19 including those over 28 days.

8. Coronavirus (COVID-19): modelling the epidemic - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

9. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public accessed on 27 September, data relate to 26 September

10. COVID-19 Vaccination in Scotland - Daily Trend of Vaccinations by Age Group and Sex - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot) accessed on 28 September, data relate to 26 September

11. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public accessed on 27 September, data relate to 26 September

12. Coronavirus (COVID-19): modelling the epidemic - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

13. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? (who.int)

14. PHE: Factors contributing to risk of SARS-CoV2 transmission in various settings, 26 November 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

15. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? (who.int)

16. EMG Transmission Group: Insights on transmission of COVID-19 with a focus on the hospitality, retail and leisure sector, 8 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

17. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? (who.int)

18. EMG Transmission Group: Insights on transmission of COVID-19 with a focus on the hospitality, retail and leisure sector, 8 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

19. Coronavirus (COVID-19): vaccine certification update - 23 September 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

20. Re-opening of hospitality - alcohol-specific risks and possible mitigation, University of Stirling, June 2020 - Institute for Social Marketing | Publications | About | University of Stirling

21. PHE: Factors contributing to risk of SARS-CoV2 transmission in various settings, 26 November 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

22. Information on the Events Research Programme - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

23. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

24. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

25. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

26. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness - The Lancet

27. EAVE II | The University of Edinburgh

28. REACT-1 round 13 interim report: acceleration of SARS-CoV-2 Delta epidemic in the community in England during late June and early July 2021 | medRxiv

29. Coronavirus infections three times lower in double vaccinated people - REACT | Imperial News | Imperial College London

30. The REACT 1 programme | Faculty of Medicine | Imperial College London

31. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, UK - Office for National Statistics

32. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK | medRxiv

33. Delta Variant and vaccine effectiveness; what can the CIS tell us? | National Statistical (ons.gov.uk)

34. Deaths involving COVID-19 by vaccination status, England - Office for National Statistics

35. Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

36. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK

37. Is COVID vaccine protection fading? (joinzoe.com)

38. PHE: Duration of protection of COVID-19 vaccines against clinical disease, 9 September 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

39. COVID-19 vaccine surveillance reports - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

40. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: First Minister's statement – 1 September 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

41. All releases - Publications - Public Health Scotland

42. Public Health Scotland COVID-19 Statistical Report

43. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

44. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

45. Effect of vaccination on transmission of COVID-19: an observational study in healthcare workers and their households | medRxiv

46. Impact of BNT162b2 vaccination and isolation on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Israeli households: an observational study | medRxiv

47. Vaccination with BNT162b2 reduces transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts in Israel | medRxiv

48. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

49. Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant | medRxiv

50. Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 cause significantly increased vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 cases in Houston, Texas | medRxiv

51. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant is Associated with Higher Infectious Virus Loads Compared to the Alpha Variant in both Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Individuals (nih.gov)

52. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK (medrxiv.org)

53. Spiral: REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 (imperial.ac.uk)

54. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant emergence and vaccine breakthrough | Research Square

55. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

56. COVID vaccines slash viral spread – but Delta is an unknown (nature.com)

57. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK | medRxiv

58. New studies — Nuffield Department of Medicine (ox.ac.uk)

59. Covid-19: Fully vaccinated people can carry as much delta virus as unvaccinated people, data indicate | The BMJ

60. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: technical briefings - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

61. Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination | medRxiv

62. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings - Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021 - PubMed (nih.gov)

63. Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 cause significantly increased vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 cases in Houston, Texas | medRxiv

64. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Hospitalizations Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years, by Vaccination Status — Los Angeles County, California, May 1–July 25, 2021 (nih.gov)

65. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant is Associated with Higher Infectious Virus Loads Compared to the Alpha Variant in both Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Individuals (nih.gov)

66. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections reveal limited infectious virus shedding and restricted tissue distribution | medRxiv

67. Virological and serological kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant vaccine-breakthrough infections: a multi-center cohort study | medRxiv

68. Spiral: REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 (imperial.ac.uk)

69. Coronavirus (COVID-19): staying safe and protecting others - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

70. SAGE 87 minutes: Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

71. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

72. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

73. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

74. SAGE 87 minutes: Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

75. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

76. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

77. SAGE 40 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-and-mitigating-measures-update-4-june-2020

78. SAGE 51 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pheemg-aerosol-and-droplet-generation-from-singing-wind-instruments-and-performance-activities-13-august-2020

79. SAGE 76 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emg-application-of-physical-distancing-and-fabric-face-coverings-in-mitigating-the-b117-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-in-public-workplace-and-community, 13 January 2021.

80. SAGE 76 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emg-application-of-physical-distancing-and-fabric-face-coverings-in-mitigating-the-b117-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-in-public-workplace-and-community, 13 January 2021.

81. SAGE 60 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sage-60-minutes-coronavirus-covid-19-response-1-october-2020

82. SAGE 60 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emg-role-of-ventilation-in-controlling-sars-cov-2-transmission-30-september-2020

83. SAGE 76 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emg-application-of-physical-distancing-and-fabric-face-coverings-in-mitigating-the-b117-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-in-public-workplace-and-community, 13 January 2021

84. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

85. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

86. EMG: Application of physical distancing and fabric face coverings in mitigating the B117 variant SARS-CoV-2 virus in public, workplace and community, 13 January 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

87. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

88. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

89. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification scheme debate: Deputy First Minister's statement - 9 September 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

90. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

91. SAGE 79 minutes: Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, 4 February 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

92. SAGE 79 minutes: Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, 4 February 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

93. Coronavirus (COVID-19): mandatory vaccine certification - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

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95. Vaccine certification plans approved by Scottish Parliament - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

96. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: First Minister's statement – 14 September 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

97. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification scheme debate: Deputy First Minister's statement - 9 September 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

98. Coronavirus (COVID-19): mandatory vaccine certification - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

99. COVID-19 Response: Autumn and Winter Plan 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

100. Proof of vaccination and the BC Vaccine Card - Province of British Columbia (gov.bc.ca)

101. P210 emergency order (covid-19 prevention) (manitoba.ca)

102. COVID-19 vaccination passport | Gouvernement du Québec (quebec.ca)

103. Proof of vaccination and the BC Vaccine Card - Province of British Columbia (gov.bc.ca)

104. P210 emergency order (covid-19 prevention) (manitoba.ca)

105. Proof of Vaccination Guidance for Businesses and Organizations under the Reopening Ontario Act (gov.on.ca)

106. COVID-19 vaccination passport | Gouvernement du Québec (quebec.ca)

107. Vaccine certification plans approved by Scottish Parliament - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

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115. Home - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

116. Steps for getting a COVID Certificate for travel or events using CoronaCheck | Coronavirus COVID-19 | Government.nl

117. COVID-19 certificate - helsenorge.no

118. COVID Pass for events and nightclubs announced | GOV.WALES

119. Home - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

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123. COVID-19 certificate - helsenorge.no

124. Coronavirus Covid 19 – English | Gouvernement.fr

125. What you need to know about Germany's new "3G" Covid health pass rules - Worldakkam

126. Home - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

127. Safe travels in times of Coronavirus: How Austria's entry tests work

128. Covidsafe | Frequently Asked Questions

129. What is the Green Pass Scheme? - Corona Traffic Light Model (Ramzor) Website (health.gov.il)

130. Coronavirus Covid 19 – English | Gouvernement.fr

131. EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term 'baseline' NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

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134. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

135. Vaccine certification plans approved by Scottish Parliament - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

136. Safe travels in times of Coronavirus: How Austria's entry tests work

137. Covidsafe | Frequently Asked Questions

138. Brussels to require coronavirus passports in bars from October – POLITICO

139. Coronavirus Covid 19 – English | Gouvernement.fr

140. Coronavirus vaccination: protection for everyone – Federal Government (bundesregierung.de)

141. covid19

142. COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland (citizensinformation.ie)

143. What is the Green Pass Scheme? - Corona Traffic Light Model (Ramzor) Website (health.gov.il)

144. Home - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

145. Steps for getting a COVID Certificate for travel or events using CoronaCheck | Coronavirus COVID-19 | Government.nl

146. COVID-19 certificate - helsenorge.no

147. COVID Pass for events and nightclubs announced | GOV.WALES

148. Safe travels in times of Coronavirus: How Austria's entry tests work

149. Covidsafe | Frequently Asked Questions

150. Covid putovnica - Naslovna (eudigitalnacovidpotvrda.hr)

151. 03062021_safepassindoorEN.pdf (pio.gov.cy)

152. COVID-19: What You Should Know before You Come · #VisitCzechRepublic

153. Social events · Covid Portál (gov.cz)

154. COVID-19 certificate | COVID-19 crisis webpage (kriis.ee)

155. Coronavirus Covid 19 – English | Gouvernement.fr

156. What you need to know about Germany's new "3G" Covid health pass rules - Worldakkam

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158. Hungary's late launch of the EU Digital COVID Certificate (covidpasscertificate.com)

159. COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland (citizensinformation.ie)

160. Home - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

161. Covid-19 control measures | Covid-19 (covid19.gov.lv)

162. National Certificate | Ministry of the Economy and Innovation of the Republic of Lithuania (lrv.lt)

163. CovidCheck Certificates - Coronavirus - Official information - Luxembourg (public.lu)

164. Steps for getting a COVID Certificate for travel or events using CoronaCheck | Coronavirus COVID-19 | Government.nl

165. COVID-19 | Visit Lisboa

166. Measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 infections | GOV.SI

167. gov.ie - Public health measures that will come into place in September (www.gov.ie)

168. covid19

169. World Health Organization meeting on smart vaccination certificates WHO/Europe | Digital health - WHO European Region Member State meeting on Smart Vaccination Certificates (2021)

170. Brussels could decide on Covid Safe Tickets in nightlife in September (brusselstimes.com)

171. Macron tells critics: vaccine passport will protect all our freedoms | France | The Guardian

172. Israeli health minister says vaccine passport system doesn't have 'medical justification' in some cases – leaked footage — RT World News

173. Incentivizing Vaccination Uptake: The "Green Pass" Proposal in Israel | Global Health | JAMA | JAMA Network

174. Covid passports | The Institute for Government

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184. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public

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186. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public

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188. https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Health-pass-extended-more-vaccination-Macron-s-anti-Covid-measures

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194. Ontario Releasing Guidance to Support Proof of Vaccination Policy | Ontario Newsroom

195. France enforces vaccine passports for over-18s visiting museums and cultural venues | The Art Newspaper

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199. Protests in France against COVID-19 'health pass' rules | Reuters

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201. French health pass mandatory for 1.8 million workers from today (connexionfrance.com)

202. FAQ - COVID-19 Green Certification (dgc.gov.it)

203. False results and hacking: reopening of Dutch clubs proves to be problematic – DutchReview

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205. Netherlands to reopen further with coronavirus entry passes | News item | Government.nl

206. Fake Covid vaccine and test certificate market is growing, researchers say | Coronavirus | The Guardian

207. Can the US crack down on fake vaccination cards? - BBC News

208. Fake COVID vaccine certificates sold on dark web for €150 | Euronews

209. France forced to soften rules after coronavirus green pass backlash – POLITICO

210. Proof of Vaccination Guidance for Businesses and Organizations under the Reopening Ontario Act (gov.on.ca)

211. Events Research Programme: Phase I findings - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

212. Public Health Impact of Mass Sporting and Cultural Events in a rising COVID-19 prevalence in England (khub.net)

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214. Events Research Programme Phases I, II and III data release - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

215. Policy briefings | Research | University of Stirling

216. Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study | medRxiv

217. Covid-19 vaccine passports and vaccine hesitancy: freedom or control? - The BMJ

218. The potential impact of vaccine passports on inclination to accept COVID-19 vaccinations in the United Kingdom: evidence from a large cross-sectional survey and modelling study | medRxiv

219. COVID-19 immunity (or vaccine) passports: a documentary overview and analysis of regimes of health verification within the coronavirus pandemic | Emerald Insight

220. Scientists have favorable opinions on immunity certificates but raise concerns regarding fairness and inequality (nature.com)

221. Checkpoints for vaccine passports | Ada Lovelace Institute

222. "Vaccine Passport" Certification — Policy and Ethical Considerations | NEJM

223. EU Covid-19 certificate (europa.eu)

224. Covid-19 vaccine passports: access, equity, and ethics | The BMJ

225. Behavioural responses to Covid-19 health certification: A rapid review (medrxiv.org)

226. COVID-19 Immunity Passport to Ease Travel Restrictions? | Journal of Travel Medicine | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

227. Nalubola, S (2021). Vaccine Passports and COVID-19: Ethical, Scientific, and Practical Considerations

228. JAMA Health Forum – Health Policy, Health Care Reform, Health Affairs | JAMA Health Forum | JAMA Network

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231. Présentation PowerPoint (ipsos.com)

232. Garrett, P (2021). Public attitudes to immunity passports | Pursuit by The University of Melbourne (unimelb.edu.au)

233. Events Industry defined here using the following SIC2007 codes: UK SIC 2007 - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

5621 : Event catering activities

9001 : Performing arts

9002 : Support activities to performing arts

9004 : Operation of arts facilities

9311 : Operation of sports facilities

9312 : Activities of sport clubs

68202 : Letting and operating of conference and exhibition centres

74209 : Other photographic activities (not including portrait and other specialist photography and film processing)

79909 : Other reservation service activities (not including activities of tourist guides)

82301 : Activities of exhibition and fair organizers

82302 : Activities of conference organizers

93199 : Other sports activities (not including activities of racehorse owners)

234. Gross value added (GVA) represents the amount that individual businesses, industries or sectors contribute to the economy. It is the value of an industry's outputs less the value of intermediate inputs used in the production process.

235. As per previous work for Nightclub related BRIAs (e.g. p54-71: The Health Protection (Coronavirus) (Restrictions and Requirements) (Local Levels) (Scotland) Regulations 2020 (legislation.gov.uk) –Nightclub businesses are defined here as non-charity licensed clubs (within Standard Industrial Classification code 56.103). Nightclubs and sexual entertainment businesses in Scotland fall under this classification. The SIC code definition of nightclubs used here does not align perfectly with the definition of nightclubs used in certification regulations. These statistics therefore represent a best estimate.

236. Gross value added (GVA) represents the amount that individual businesses, industries or sectors contribute to the economy. It is the value of an industry's outputs less the value of intermediate inputs used in the production process.

237. Night Time Industries Association (2021), Covid Status Certification: NTIA Scotland Briefing Paper

238. Scottish Annual Business Survey, Scottish Annual Business Statistics (SABS) 2018, Scottish Annual Business Statistics 2018 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot). Note that SABS excludes financial sector & parts of agriculture and the public sector.

239. For instance, the RBS Markit Report on Jobs, September 2021 reported continued strong growth in August in temporary and permanent Hotel & Catering staff vacancies in Scotland, albeit after unprecedented declines in Spring 2020.

240. See https://www.gov.scot/publications/monthly-gdp-july-2021/

241. BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 38 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

242. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

243. REACT-1 round 13 interim report: acceleration of SARS-CoV-2 Delta epidemic in the community in England during late June and early July 2021 | medRxiv

244. Coronavirus infections three times lower in double vaccinated people - REACT | Imperial News | Imperial College London

245. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK | medRxiv

246. Delta Variant and vaccine effectiveness; what can the CIS tell us? | National Statistical (ons.gov.uk)

247. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness - The Lancet

248. Improving communications around vaccine breakthrough and vaccine effectiveness, CDC, 29 July 2021

249. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK (medrxiv.org)

250. REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 (medrxiv.org)

251. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant emergence and vaccine breakthrough | Research Square

252. Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant | medRxiv

253. Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 cause significantly increased vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 cases in Houston, Texas | medRxiv

254. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant is Associated with Higher Infectious Virus Loads Compared to the Alpha Variant in both Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Individuals (nih.gov)

255. Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: VOC-21APR-02 (B.1.617.2) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

256. VEEP: Vaccine effectiveness table, 27 August 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

257. Effect of vaccination on transmission of COVID-19: an observational study in healthcare workers and their households | medRxiv

258. COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 35 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

259. Impact of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-COV-2 Harris et al

260. Impact of BNT162b2 vaccination and isolation on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Israeli households: an observational study | medRxiv

261. Vaccination with BNT162b2 reduces transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts in Israel | medRxiv

262. COVID vaccines slash viral spread – but Delta is an unknown (nature.com)

263. Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK | medRxiv

264. New studies — Nuffield Department of Medicine (ox.ac.uk)

265. Covid-19: Fully vaccinated people can carry as much delta virus as unvaccinated people, data indicate | The BMJ

266. REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 (medrxiv.org)

267. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk)

268. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant is Associated with Higher Infectious Virus Loads Compared to the Alpha Variant in both Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Individuals (nih.gov)

269. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Hospitalizations Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years, by Vaccination Status — Los Angeles County, California, May 1–July 25, 2021 (nih.gov)

270. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings - Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021 - PubMed (nih.gov)

271. Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination | medRxiv

272. Virological and serological kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant vaccine-breakthrough infections: a multi-center cohort study | medRxiv

273. Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 cause significantly increased vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 cases in Houston, Texas | medRxiv

274. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections reveal limited infectious virus shedding and restricted tissue distribution | medRxiv

275. Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study | medRxiv

276. Covid-19 vaccine passports and vaccine hesitancy: freedom or control? - The BMJ

277. "Vaccine Passports" May Backfire: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in the UK and Israel on Willingness to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19

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279. How to lose friends and alienate people? On the problems of vaccine passports - The BMJ

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294. This list contains references from the main body of the evidence paper