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Health outcomes of experiencing poverty in the early years: evidence review

This evidence review presents findings on the health outcomes of experiencing poverty in the early years. Its focus is on how poverty during the first 3 years of life can influence future development and health trajectories, drawing on key statistical health indicators and broader evidence.


Footnotes

1 State of the Nation; Health Inequalities in Scotland

2 State of the Nation

3 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

4 These estimates are only for a single year rather than a 3-year average.

5 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

6 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

7 Tackling child poverty priority families overview

8 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

9 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24; Tackling child poverty priority families overview

10 Additional child poverty analysis 2025

11 Why do children from disadvantaged backgrounds have worse health outcomes?

12 Tackling child poverty - progress report 2023-2024: annex B - focus report on other marginalised groups at risk of poverty

13 Tackling child poverty - progress report 2023-2024: annex B - focus report on other marginalised groups at risk of poverty

14 Lived Experience of Poverty - Poverty and health

15 Why Poverty Matters to Health

16 CHIP Briefing 1: Children and Poverty

17 Preconception health and care policies, strategies and guidelines in the UK and Ireland: a scoping review; Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences ; Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health

18 Making the case for preconception care

19 A wake-up call for preconception health: a clinical review

20 Making the case for preconception care

21 The Child of the North: Building a fairer future after COVID-19

22 Primary prevention is action that tries to stop problems happening. This can be either through actions at a population level that reduce risks or those that address the cause of the problem; The three levels of prevention - Public health approach to prevention

23 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity; Reducing inequities in health across the life-course: Early years, childhood and adolescence; Public Service Reform in Scotland; Tipping the scales: The social and economic harm of poverty in Scotland

24 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity

25 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity

26 Pathways to inequalities in child health; Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

27 Child Poverty in Scotland since the 1960s | Scottish Parliament; CHIP Briefing 1: Children and Poverty

28 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

29 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

30 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

31 Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences

32 Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences

33 Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development; The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: Implications for prevention

34 How does poverty affect children differently?

35 Pathways to inequalities in child health

36 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

37 Poverty, Early Experience, and Brain Development; Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences

38 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

39 Child poverty and health inequalities in the UK: a guide for paediatricians | Archives of Disease in Childhood | BMJ

40 Mediating effects of early health on the relationship between early poverty and long-term health outcomes of children: a birth cohort study

41 Mediating effects of early health on the relationship between early poverty and long-term health outcomes of children: a birth cohort study

42 Growing Up in Scotland

43 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 - gov.scot

44 Life at age 14: initial findings from the Growing Up in Scotland study

45 The impacts of poverty on children’s social, emotional and behavioural outcomes.

46 Relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): a systematic review

47 Relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): a systematic review

48 International comparisons of health and wellbeing in early childhood

49 Child maltreatment, early life socioeconomic disadvantage and all cause mortality in mid-adulthood: findings from a prospective British birth cohort; Premature mortality attributable to socioeconomic inequality in England between 2003 and 2018: an observational study

50 Pathways to inequalities in child health

51 State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

52 How does poverty affect children differently?

53 Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined

54 Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined

55 Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review

56 Poverty, Early Experience, and Brain Development

57 Every child, every chance: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2018-2022

58 Adjusted to take into account household need, based on size and composition.

59 Child poverty system map; Intersectionality: revealing the realities of poverty and inequality in Scotland

60 Vision for health and social care: Health Secretary speech

61 Programme for Government 2025 to 2026

62 Evidence Based Approach To Tackling Child Poverty - Tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022-2026 - annex 2: child poverty evaluation strategy – updated

63 Fair Work: action plan

64 Scottish Child Payment - Social security

65 Every child, every chance: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2018-2022; Best Start, Bright Futures: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022 to 2026

66 Evidence Based Approach To Tackling Child Poverty - Tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022-2026 - annex 2: child poverty evaluation strategy - updated

67 Child and parental wellbeing: measuring outcomes and understanding their relation with poverty

68 Perinatal and infant mental health services: update

69 Universal Credit - mitigation of the two-child limit: consultation; Best Start, Bright Futures - tackling child poverty: progress report 2023 to 2024 ; Early learning and childcare (ELC): provision for 1 and 2 year olds in Scotland

70 Chapter 6: wider determinants of health

71 Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review

72 Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review

73 Realising the potential of early intervention

74 Social determinants of health

75 A Vision For Population Health

76 Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review

77 Pathways to inequalities in child health

78 Improving Health - Public Health Scotland; [ARCHIVED CONTENT] Health inequalities: What are they? How do we reduce them?

79 Fundamental causes of health inequalities - Health inequalities - Equity and justice - Social and economic impacts on health - Population health - Public Health Scotland

80 Health matters: Prevention - a life course approach

81 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity

82 Tackling child poverty - place-based, system change initiatives: learnings

83 CHIP Briefing 1: Children and Poverty

84 CHIP Briefing 1: Children and Poverty

85 Definitions of Poverty - Faculty of Public Health; Child Poverty in Scotland since the 1960s

86 Definitions of Poverty

87 Understanding Child Poverty as a Children's Rights Issue

88 Children's rights - Human rights ; United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Act 2024

89 What is poverty?

90 2024 Inequality Landscape - Scottish Health Equity Research Unit; Alternatives to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) for socioeconomic targeting; Measuring and monitoring child poverty

91 SIMD (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) combines seven domains or aspects of deprivation (Income, Employment, Health, Education, skills and training, Geographic access to services, Crime and Housing) to measure relative deprivation in Scotland's 6,976 data zones. Data sources differ for health, education, crime, and housing. Each data zone is ranked from 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived), indicating relative deprivation but not its exact extent. The overall SIMD is a weighted sum of the seven domain scores, with different domains given different weights.; The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020

92 Chapter 2 Methods and Definitions - The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - Volume 2: Technical Report; 2024 Inequality Landscape - Scottish Health Equity Research Unit

93 The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020

94 Poverty, low income and economic disadvantage

95 Learning in the early years

96 Early years foundation stage (EYFS) statutory framework

97 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

98 International comparisons of health and wellbeing in early childhood

99 Early years high impact area 1: Supporting the transition to parenthood; The best start for life a vision for the 1,001 critical days

100 Learning across the UK: a review of public health systems and policy approaches to early child development since political devolution

101 Chapter 5: Good Practice Recommendations

102 Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development

103 Early Child Development Transformational Change Programme

104 Nurturing care for early childhood development: a framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential; Sustainable Development Goals

105 Measuring and monitoring child health and wellbeing: recommendations for tracking progress with a core set of indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals era - The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health

106 Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development - PMC

107 Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development

108 Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development

109 Advancing Early Childhood Development: from Science to Scale

110 Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development

111 This refers to the period before birth and throughout pregnancy; Your healthcare during pregnancy | Ready Steady Baby

112 There is variation in how the term ‘perinatal’ is used in the literature and applied within the health system. Generally across Scotland, and for the purpose of this document, the term is used to refer to the period of time from pre-conception through pregnancy, childbirth and ending at 1 year after birth.; Perinatal and Infant Mental Health Care Pathways

113 This refers to the period after birth; Your antenatal care | Ready Steady Baby!

114 Early Child Development

115 Health in the Early Years in Scotland (HEYS) Dashboard

116 Early life epigenetics and childhood outcomes: a scoping review

117 The Moral Foundations of Child Health and Social Policies: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis; The ‘Intrinsic Goods of Childhood’

118 The ‘Intrinsic Goods of Childhood’

119 The term ‘nurturing care’ is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the World Bank Group as part of the Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development. It refers to the conditions shaped by public policies, programmes, and services that empower communities and caregivers to support children's health and nutrition while safeguarding them from risks. Nurturing care also encompasses opportunities for early learning through responsive and emotionally supportive interactions.; Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

120 Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

121 Maternal macronutrient and energy intake during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

122 It is advised that foods and supplements high in Vitamin A are avoided in pregnancy and daily 400-microgram folic acid supplement should be taken until 12 weeks of pregnancy to help prevent birth defects in the baby.

123 2. Pregnancy Planning and Maternal Nutrition - Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017

124 Births in Scotland - Year ending 31 March 2024

125 Births in Scotland - Year ending 31 March 2024

126 A one-off Scotland-only survey that gathered data on maternal nutrition and infant feeding; Pregnancy Planning and Maternal Nutrition - Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017

127 Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017

128 Taking vitamins / mineral to improve health, by SIMD quintiles (age-standardised), 2021

129 The Scottish Government recognise food insecurity as a lack of access to enough or appropriate food due to a lack of resources.

130 Households Below Average Income: an analysis of the UK income distribution: FYE 1995 to FYE 2023

131 What are the barriers to eating healthily in the UK?

132 Food Security Report 2021 | Food Security at Household Level; Chapter 5: Households Most Affected - The Cost of Living Crisis in Scotland: analytical report

133 Who is experiencing food insecurity in the UK?

134 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

135 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

136 Nourish to flourish – food, fun and family learning: A review of Children in Scotland’s partnership programme Food, Families, Futures

137 The DISH national survey explores what children and young people aged 2-15 years eat and drink. The survey is led by the University of Edinburgh on behalf of Food Standards Scotland, with around 20,000 children invited to participate. The survey was conducted in 2024.

138 Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH): An assessment of diets in children and young people aged 2 to 15 years living in Scotland, 2024

139 This table was converted to text for accessibility purposes. The original can be sourced from page 20 in Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH): An assessment of diets in children and young people aged 2 to 15 years living in Scotland, 2024

140 Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland | Proceedings of the Nutrition Society; Diet and Food Insecurity - The Scottish Health Survey 2021: summary report

141 Food insecurity among single parent families

142 Living without a lifeline: single parenting and the cost of living crisis

143 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

144 Dietary Micronutrient Intake During Pregnancy Is Suboptimal in a Group of Healthy Scottish Women, Irrespective of Maternal Body Mass Index

145 Consequences of being overweight or obese during pregnancy on diabetes in the offspring: a record linkage study in Aberdeen, Scotland

146 Births that happen before 37 weeks of gestation, i.e. less than 259 days (measured from the first day of the last normal menstrual period).

147 Refers to a baby delivered at or after the 24th week of pregnancy which did not breathe or show any other sign of life.

148 Consequences of being overweight or obese during pregnancy on diabetes in the offspring: a record linkage study in Aberdeen, Scotland; Healthy weight services in England before, during and after pregnancy: a mixed methods approach

149 Birth weight less than 2,500g; Definitions - ScotPHO; Health matters: reproductive health and pregnancy planning

150 Paternal nutrition: a neglected periconceptual influence on offspring health; Paternal preconception modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a review of contemporary evidence from observational studies; Health matters: reproductive health and pregnancy planning

151 Paternal nutrition: a neglected periconceptual influence on offspring health

152 The Intertwined Relationship Between Malnutrition and Poverty

153 Turning the Tide: Towards Healthy Weight in Scotland

154 Turning the Tide: Towards Healthy Weight in Scotland

155 Blueprint for halving obesity - policy brief

156 Interventions to prevent maternal obesity before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum; Turning the Tide: Towards Healthy Weight in Scotland

157 Interventions to prevent maternal obesity before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum

158 Interventions to prevent maternal obesity before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum

159 Recommendations | Maternal and child nutrition: nutrition and weight management in pregnancy, and nutrition in children up to 5 years

160 Prevention before cure - prioritising population health

161 Frontiers | The impact of climate change on food systems, diet quality, nutrition, and health outcomes: A narrative review

162 Understanding the climate impact of food consumed in Scotland

163 The Seventh Carbon Budget - Climate Change Committee

164 A healthier future: Scotland's diet and healthy weight delivery plan

165 Healthy weight services in England before, during and after pregnancy: a mixed methods approach; Healthy Weight: Healthy Wales | Moving ahead in 2022-2024

166 Early years high impact area 3: Supporting breastfeeding; Infant and young child feeding

167 Off to a good start

168 Off to a good start

169 The impact of breastfeeding on maternal and child health

170 Lessons for the UK on implementation and evaluation of breastfeeding support: evidence syntheses and stakeholder engagement

171 Lessons for the UK on implementation and evaluation of breastfeeding support: evidence syntheses and stakeholder engagement

172 Section 3 Nutrition Guidance - Health Promotion Guidance: Nutritional Guidance for Children and Young People in Residential Care Settings

173 Infant feeding statistics - Financial year 2023 to 2024

174 Infant Feeding Statistics Scotland

175 Infant Feeding Statistics Scotland - Financial Year 2022/23

176 Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Scotland: report

177 Lessons for the UK on implementation and evaluation of breastfeeding support: evidence syntheses and stakeholder engagement

178 Breaking down the barriers to breastfeeding to support healthy weight in childhood

179 A perfect storm: pregnancy, new motherhood and the cost of living crisis - Maternity Action

180 Public Health Nutrition Strategy

181 Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH): An assessment of diets in children and young people aged 2 to 15 years living in Scotland, 2024

182 Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH): An assessment of diets in children and young people aged 2 to 15 years living in Scotland, 2024

183 Primary 1 Body Mass Index (BMI) statistics Scotland - School year 2023 to 2024 - Primary 1 Body Mass Index (BMI) statistics Scotland

184 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2021-24

185 Evaluation of the Healthy Start voucher scheme on maternal vitamin use and child breastfeeding: a natural experiment using data linkage

186 Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland

187 The impacts of poor diet on babies and young children’s health, development and well-being in the: short-term, long-term

188 Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland

189 Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland

190 Living Hand to Mouth

191 Births in Scotland: Year ending 31 March 2023

192 Born into care in Scotland: circumstances, recurrence and pathways

193 Indexes to assess feeding practices of children under 2 years old: a systematic review

194 The impacts of poor diet on babies and young children’s health, development and well-being in the: short-term, long-term

195 The impacts of poor diet on babies and young children’s health, development and well-being in the: short-term, long-term

196 Growing up in Scotland: obesity from early childhood to adolescence

197 Growing up in Scotland: obesity from early childhood to adolescence

198 Infant food insecurity - responding and preventing: guide

199 How the Baby Friendly Initiative Supports Parents who Formula Feed

200 Childhood Obesity Briefing

201 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

202 Evaluation of the Healthy Start voucher scheme on maternal vitamin use and child breastfeeding: a natural experiment using data linkage

203 The best start for life: a vision for the 1,001 critical days

204 Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Scotland Report

205 Implementing the Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly initiative in Scotland

206 Breaking down the barriers to breastfeeding to support healthy weight in childhood

207 Food Insecurity and Poverty

208 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

209 Dietary Intake in Scotland’s CHildren (DISH): An assessment of diets in children and young people aged 2 to 15 years living in Scotland, 2024

210 Public Health Nutrition Strategy

211 Guide for integration of perinatal mental health

212 Qualitative Studies of Infant and Young Child Feeding in Lower-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Dietary Patterns

213 Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017

214 Passive smoking

215 Drugs and poverty: A literature review; Alcohol and health inequalities; Smoking and Health Inequalities

216 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

217 ScotPHO profiles - Alcohol consumption: average weekly units by SIMD quintile - snapshot

218 ScotPHO profiles - Alcohol consumption: Binge drinking (drinking over (6/8) units in a day) by SIMD quintile - snapshot

219 ScotPHO profiles - Alcohol consumption: Hazardous/harmful drinking (consumption over 14 units per week) by SIMD quintile - snapshot

220 ScotPHO profiles - Alcohol-related hospital admissions by SIMD quintile - snapshot

221 ScotPHO profiles - Alcohol-specific deaths by SIMD quintile - snapshot

222 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

223 The term refers to a specific definition of drug-related death established by the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) cross-UK working group in 2000. It specifically applies to deaths involving drugs classified under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, distinguishing it from other definitions, such as drug poisoning deaths and drug-induced deaths.

224 Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2023

225 Antenatal booking in Scotland - Calendar year ending 31 December 2023

226 Health harm - ScotPHO

227 The booking appointment is the first planned and structured antenatal care appointment offered in pregnancy. Women are encouraged to book before they are 13 weeks pregnant, and ideally before they are 10 weeks pregnant.; Antenatal Booking in Scotland

228 Births in Scotland - Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy by Health Boards

229 Alcohol and inequalities

230 A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between tobacco and alcohol outlet density and neighbourhood deprivation

231 Health matters: reproductive health and pregnancy planning

232 Making the case for preconception care

233 Health effects of secondhand smoke

234 Parental smoking and child poverty in the UK: an analysis of national survey data

235 Growing up in Scotland: life at age 12

236 Guidance on fetal alcohol syndrome aims to improve diagnosis and treatment in Scotland

237 Taking drugs in pregnancy

238 Parents with alcohol and drug problems: adult treatment and children and family services

239 Minimum unit pricing for alcohol - Alcohol and drugs

240 Prevention before cure - prioritising population health

241 Prevention before cure - prioritising population health

242 Providing quality patient care: a framework for maternity service standards

243 Alcohol, smoking, and other substance use in the perinatal period

244 Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children affected by parental alcohol and drug use: a guide for local authorities

245 Preconception health and care policies, strategies and guidelines in the UK and Ireland: a scoping review

246 Antenatal care | Guidance

247 WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience

248 Antenatal booking in Scotland - Calendar year ending 31 December 2023

249 Is maternity care in Scotland equitable? Results of a national maternity care survey

250 Neonatal care is care provided to any baby in the first 28 days of life. Babies who are unwell after birth are admitted to a neonatal unit to receive intensive, high dependency or special neonatal care depending on their level of need.; Births in Scotland - Neonatal Care

251 Babies who do not require admission to a neonatal unit but still require some additional care can receive transitional neonatal care whilst remaining with their mother on a dedicated transitional care ward or a ‘normal’ postnatal ward.

252 The Relationship Between Poverty And NHS Services

253 Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis

254 Supporting women, reducing harm

255 Births in Scotland - Year ending 31 March 2024

256 Is maternity care in Scotland equitable? Results of a national maternity care survey

257 Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage

258 Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in England: a national cohort study

259 Leave no one behind

260 Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2020-22

261 Preconception health and care policies, strategies and guidelines in the UK and Ireland: a scoping review

262 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

263 The best start for life a vision for the 1,001 critical days

264 Healthy weight services in England before, during and after pregnancy: a mixed methods approach

265 Tackling child poverty - place-based, system change initiatives: learnings

266 Preconception health and care policies, strategies and guidelines in the UK and Ireland: a scoping review

267 Review of services for substance-using women and their infants in pregnancy and the postnatal period

268 Providing quality patient care: a framework for maternity service standards

269 Ethnic and socio-economic inequalities in NHS maternity and perinatal care for women and their babies

270 Mental health and wellbeing during the transition to fatherhood: a systematic review of first time fathers’ experiences

271 The best start for life a vision for the 1,001 critical days

272 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

273 Poverty and mental health: policy, practice and research implications

274 The Indivisibility of Parental and Child Mental Health and Why Poverty Matters - Journal of Adolescent Health

275 Poverty and mental health: policy, practice and research implications

276 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

277 The Scottish Health Survey 2023 - volume 1: main report

278 Addressing mental health inequalities - Mental health and wellbeing strategy

279 Impact of socioeconomic deprivation on maternal perinatal mental illnesses presenting to UK general practice

280 Addressing mental health inequalities - Mental health and wellbeing strategy

281 Mental Health Equality Evidence Report 2023

282 Inequalities and mental health during the Coronavirus pandemic in the UK: a mixed-methods exploration

283 Inequalities and mental health during the Coronavirus pandemic in the UK: a mixed-methods exploration

284 The Indivisibility of Parental and Child Mental Health and Why Poverty Matters

285 Positive maternal mental health during pregnancy and mental and behavioral disorders in children: A prospective pregnancy cohort study

286 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

287 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

288 Tackling inequalities in the early years: key messages from 10 years of the Growing Up in Scotland study

289 Effects of parental mental illness on children’s physical health: systematic review and meta-analysis

290 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

291 Maternal stress during pregnancy and children’s diet: Evidence from a population of low socioeconomic status

292 The indivisibility of parental and child mental health and why poverty matters

293 Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

294 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

295 Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance

296 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

297 Guide for integration of perinatal mental health

298 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

299 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

300 Promoting children’s health when a parent has a mental health problem: a mixed methods study of the experiences and views of health visitors and their co-workers

301 Mental health and wellbeing during the transition to fatherhood: a systematic review of first time fathers’ experiences

302 Guide for integration of perinatal mental health

303 Guide for integration of perinatal mental health

304 Attachment theory, cortisol and care for the under-threes in the twenty-first century: constructing evidence-informed policy

305 InBrief: The Science of Early Childhood Development

306 Early Child Development Statistics

307 Evaluating, assessing and observing mental health in infancy and early childhood

308 Evaluating, assessing and observing mental health in infancy and early childhood

309 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

310 Temporal effects of maternal psychological distress on child mental health problems at ages 3, 5, 7 and 11: analysis from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

311 CYP Now - Persistent Poverty and Children's Cognitive Development: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study

312 CYP Now - Persistent Poverty and Children's Cognitive Development: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study

313 How do early-life factors explain social inequalities in adolescent mental health? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

314 Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

315 Growing up in Scotland: life at age 12

316 Rapid evidence review of the socioeconomic determinants of mental wellbeing

317 Household Income and Children’s Mental Health Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Maternal Wellbeing and Parent-Child Relationship Quality

318 Where are the infants in children and young people’s mental health?; Infant Mental Health – Briefing for Commissioners

319 Where are the infants in children and young people’s mental health?

320 Perinatal and infant mental health programme board/Infant mental health implementation and advisory group final report

321 The best start for life a vision for the 1,001 critical days

322 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

323 Growing Stronger Together

324 Children's teeth; Caring for baby’s first teeth

325 Children's teeth; Childsmile at the dentist

326 Feeding in the First Year of Life

327 Dental Statistics – NHS Registration and Participation

328 Oral Health Policies to Tackle the Burden of Early Childhood Caries: A Review of 14 Countries/Regions

329 Facilitators and barriers to home-based toothbrushing practices by parents of young children to reduce tooth decay: a systematic review

330 The Relationship Between Poverty And NHS Services | The King's Fund

331 The Relationship Between Poverty And NHS Services | The King's Fund

332 Inequalities in oral health in England; Inequalities in access to NHS primary care dental services in Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic

333 Health matters: child dental health; Comparing oral health systems for children in six European countries to identify lessons learned for universal oral health coverage: A study protocol

334 An evidence‐based oral health promotion programme: Lessons from Leicester

335 An evidence‐based oral health promotion programme: Lessons from Leicester

336 Targeting – Childsmile

337 Oral health of children in England: a call to action

338 Oral health of children in England: a call to action; Tackling poor oral health in children

339 Childsmile Programme Expansion

340 Evaluation of a national complex oral health improvement programme: a population data linkage cohort study in Scotland

341 Dental interventions to prevent caries in children

342 Oral health improvement plan

343 Pregnancy and baby - Immunisations in Scotland

344 Scotland's 5-year Vaccination and Immunisation Framework and Delivery Plan - Publications - Public Health Scotland

345 Protecting the population of Scotland from vaccine preventable diseases: Vaccination and Immunisation Report 2023

346 Protecting the population of Scotland from vaccine preventable diseases: Vaccination and Immunisation Report 2023

347 Protecting the population of Scotland from vaccine preventable diseases: Vaccination and Immunisation Report 2023

348 Factors influencing vaccine uptake; Factors that influence vaccination decision-making among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

349 Measles: What are the complications?

350 Childhood Immunisation Statistics Scotland

351 Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study

352 Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study

353 Reducing inequities in health across the life-course Early years, childhood and adolescence

354 Reducing inequities in health across the life-course Early years, childhood and adolescence

355 Prevention before cure - prioritising population health

356 Evaluation of strategies to address inequalities in vaccine uptake

357 Moving the Needle - Promoting vaccination uptake across the life course

358 Are infant mortality rates increasing in England? The effect of extreme prematurity and early neonatal deaths

359 A baby delivered at or after the 24th week of pregnancy which did not breathe or show any other sign of life.

360 Stillbirth or early neonatal death.

361 A live born baby who died before 28 completed days after birth.

362 A live born baby who died from 28 completed days of life but before 1 year after birth.

363 The term 'infant mortality' encompasses all deaths in the first year of life, including stillbirths (losses occurring from 24 weeks of pregnancy), perinatal deaths (stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life), neonatal deaths (deaths in the first four weeks of life), and post-neonatal deaths (deaths between the first four weeks and one year of life); National Records of Scotland (NRS): Births, Stillbirths and Infant Deaths

364 The impact of maternal prenatal mental health disorders on stillbirth and infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

365 Scottish Pregnancy, Births and Neonatal Dashboard

366 MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance UK perinatal deaths of babies born in 2023

367 MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance UK perinatal deaths of babies born in 2022

368 MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance UK perinatal deaths of babies born in 2023

369 MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance UK perinatal deaths of babies born in 2022

370 State of the nation report | MBRRACE-UK

371 Leave no one behind

372 Trends in infant mortality and stillbirth rates in Scotland by socio-economic position, 2000–2018: a longitudinal ecological study

373 National Child Mortality Database – Child Mortality and Social Deprivation – National Child Mortality Database Programme Thematic Report; What is the relationship between deprivation, modifiable factors and childhood deaths: a cohort study using the English National Child Mortality Database ; Social inequality and infant health in the UK: systematic review and meta-analyses; Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000-2017: time-trend analysis

374 National Child Mortality Database – Child Mortality and Social Deprivation – National Child Mortality Database Programme Thematic Report

375 Trends in infant mortality and stillbirth rates in Scotland by socio-economic position, 2000–2018: a longitudinal ecological study

376 Factors that may have contributed to the death of the child but could be modified to reduce future risks through individual or national intervention. These include characteristics of the child (e.g., loss of key relationships, risk taking behaviour, comorbidity, prematurity, congenital anomaly, learning disability), social environment (e.g., abuse, financial pressures/hardship), physical environment (e.g., animal attack, homicide, vehicle-related deaths) and service provision (e.g., gaps in service provision, failure to follow guidelines, poor communication).

377 What is the relationship between deprivation, modifiable factors and childhood deaths: a cohort study using the English National Child Mortality Database

378 Still alive: Counselling conversations with parents whose child has died during or soon after pregnancy

379 Saving Babies’ Lives 2024: A report on progress Scotland briefing

380 Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development

381 Pre-Birth Assessment Protocol for Vulnerable Pregnancies

382 Three decades of inequality in neonatal and early childhood mortality in singleton births in Scotland | Journal of Public Health

383 Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development

384 The impact of maternal prenatal mental health disorders on stillbirth and infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

385 Trends in infant mortality and stillbirth rates in Scotland by socio-economic position, 2000–2018: a longitudinal ecological study

386 Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined

387 Interventions to prevent maternal obesity before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum

388 Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined

389 Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined

390 Key Findings: From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts

391 Using intersectionality to understand structural inequality in Scotland: evidence synthesis

392 Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

393 Leave no one behind

394 Key Findings: From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts

395 Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development

396 NHS and the whole of society must act on social determinants of health for a healthier future

397 NHS and the whole of society must act on social determinants of health for a healthier future

398 InBrief | Place Matters - Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University

399 A future for the world's children?

400 A future for the world's children?

401 Children in All Policies 2030: a new initiative to implement the recommendations of the WHO

402 A future for the world's children?

403 Being Bold: Building Budgets for Children’s Wellbeing

404 Child Poverty (Scotland) Act 2017

405 Learning across the UK: a review of public health systems and policy approaches to early child development since political devolution

406 Understanding Child Poverty as a Children's Rights Issue

407 Introducing the UNCRC (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill - Taking a children's human rights approach: guidance

408 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill: leaflet

409 Being Bold: Building Budgets for Children’s Wellbeing

410 Catalysing health and well-being for future generations

411 The Hidden Dimensions of Poverty

412 A right to the best possible health

413 Improving our understanding of child poverty in rural and island Scotland

414 Improving our understanding of child poverty in rural and island Scotland

415 A future for the world's children?

416 Being Bold: Building Budgets for Children’s Wellbeing

417 Being Bold: Building Budgets for Children’s Wellbeing

418 NHS and the whole of society must act on social determinants of health for a healthier future | The BMJ

419 A preventative approach to public services: How the government can shift its focus and improve lives

420 A preventative approach to public services: How the government can shift its focus and improve lives

421 A preventative approach to public services: How the government can shift its focus and improve lives

422 NHS and the whole of society must act on social determinants of health for a healthier future

423 Make well through Keep Well

424 Leave no one behind | The Health Foundation

425 NHS and the whole of society must act on social determinants of health for a healthier future | The BMJ

426 Social Security (Scotland) Act 2018

427 Priorities for Scotland: First Minister's statement

428 Social security Policy

429 Can Scotland achieve its aim of narrowing health inequalities in a post-pandemic world? - ScienceDirect

430 Leave no one behind | The Health Foundation

431 Leave no one behind | The Health Foundation

432 Policy_recommendations_for_population_health-progress_and_challenges_original.pdf

433 Engaging with families living in low-income households through system change, place-based initiatives

434 Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis

435 Poverty and child health in the UK: using evidence for action; Best Start, Bright Futures Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026 - Annex 6

436 Best Start, Bright Futures Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026 - Annex 6; Poverty Full Report 2024

437 Leave no one behind

438 Refers to people taking on multiple jobs in order to ‘get by’ and have enough income to live on. The implication is that such ‘multiple working’ is less a free choice than a force of circumstance.

439 Prevalence and characteristics of adults in multiple low-paid employment

440 Demographics – what we know about households with a child under one - Tackling child poverty delivery plan: fourth year progress report 2021-2022

441 Prevalence and characteristics of adults in multiple low-paid employment

442 Best Start, Bright Futures Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026 - Annex 6

443 Child poverty rates in families with a baby - Tackling child poverty delivery plan: fourth year progress report 2021-2022

444 Child poverty rates in families with a baby - Tackling child poverty delivery plan: fourth year progress report 2021-2022

445 3. What works around increasing income from employment - Tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022-2026 - annex 6: what works - evidence review

446 Interim findings summary: Maternity Action Cost of Living on Maternity Leave 2025

447 Interim findings summary: Maternity Action Cost of Living on Maternity Leave 2025

448 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

449 Changing patterns of poverty in early childhood

450 Scottish Child Payment

451 Best Start Grant and Best Start Foods

452 No One Left Behind Policy; No One Left Behind: employability strategic plan 2024 to 2027

453 Scottish social security system - seldom-heard groups: research

454 Best Start, Bright Futures: Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026

455 Best Start, Bright Futures: Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026

456 2. Overview into priority families - Tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022-2026 - annex 6: what works - evidence review

457 Best Start, Bright Futures: Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026

458 Child poverty rates in families with a baby - Tackling child poverty delivery plan: fourth year progress report 2021-2022

459 Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis

460 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity

461 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

462 Engaging with families living in low-income households through system change, place-based initiatives

463 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries; Poverty and child health in the UK: using evidence for action

464 Optimising child and adolescent health and development through an integrated ecological life course approach

465 Health matters: Prevention - a life course approach

466 Resetting the course for population health

467 Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity

468 The Role of the Epigenome in Translating Neighborhood Disadvantage Into Health Disparities

469 Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis; Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity; Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

470 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

471 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

472 Child health in 2030 in England: comparisons with other countries

473 Catalysing health and well-being for future generations

474 Vision for health and social care: Health Secretary speech

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