Food and drink high in fat, sugar and salt - out of home advertising restrictions: rapid evidence review

Footnotes

1 World Obesity Federation (n.d.). Addressing weight stigma and misconceptions about obesity in Europe: Considerations for policymakers. Available at https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wof-files/Weight_Stigma_Briefing_FINAL.pdf

2 Scottish Government. (2023, December 5). Scottish Health Survey. 8 Diet and Obesity. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-health-survey-2022-volume-1-main-report/pages/12/

3 Advertising Standards Authority. (2024, 7 August) Food: HFSS Media Placement. Food: HFSS Media Placement - ASA | CAP

4 Olsen, John. 2021. Unhealthy commodity advertising: understanding individual and area-based policy interventions for children’s exposures. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow. PowerPoint Presentation

5 Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, Robinson E. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Feb;103(2):519-33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120022. Epub 2016 Jan 20. PMID: 26791177.

6 Russell SJ, Croker H, Viner RM. The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019 Apr;20(4):554-568. doi: 10.1111/obr.12812. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30576057; PMCID: PMC6446725.

7 Sustain. (2022, 17 February). Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit. Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit | Sustain (sustainweb.org)

8 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLoS medicine, 19(2), e1003915.

9 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLoS medicine, 19(2), e1003915.

10 Thomas, C., Breeze, P., Cummins, S., Cornelsen, L., Yau, A., & Brennan, A. (2022). The health, cost and equity impacts of restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt and sugar products across the transport for London network: a health economic modelling study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 93.

11 Lauber, K., Hunt, D., Gilmore, A. B., & Rutter, H. (2021). Corporate political activity in the context of unhealthy food advertising restrictions across Transport for London: A qualitative case study. PLoS Medicine, 18(9), e1003695.

12 Scott, L. J., Nobles, J., Sillero-Rejon, C., Brockman, R., Toumpakari, Z., Jago, R., ... & De Vocht, F. (2023). Advertisement of unhealthy commodities in Bristol and South Gloucestershire and rationale for a new advertisement policy. BMC public health, 23(1), 1078.

13 Meiksin, R., Er, V., Thompson, C., Adams, J., Boyland, E., Burgoine, T., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Restricting the advertising of high fat, salt and sugar foods on the Transport for London estate: process and implementation study. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114548.

14 World Obesity Federation (n.d.). Addressing weight stigma and misconceptions about obesity in Europe: Considerations for policymakers. Available at https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wof-files/Weight_Stigma_Briefing_FINAL.pdf

15 Scottish Government. (2024, December 12). Scottish Health Survey. 9 Obesity. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-health-survey-2023-volume-1-main-report/documents/

16 Report for Nesta (2023). Costs of obesity in Scotland. Frontier economics. https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/Costs_of_obesity_in_Scotland_Frontier_Economics.pdf.

17 Scottish Government. The Scottish Health Survey (2022) The Scottish Health Survey 2022 – volume 1: main report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

18 Scottish Government. (2016, March). Revised Dietary Goals for Scotland – March 16 Scottish_Dietary_Goals_for_Scotland_-_March_2016.pdf (foodstandards.gov.scot)

19 Food Standards Scotland. (2024, 28 August). Position paper: Processed and ultra-processed foods Position paper: Processed and ultra-processed foods | Food Standards Scotland

20 Scottish Government. The Scottish Health Survey (2022) The Scottish Health Survey 2022 – volume 1: main report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

21 The Scottish Government. (2018, July 2). A healthier future: Scotland’s diet and healthy weight delivery plan. Gov.scot; The Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/publications/healthier-future-scotlands-diet-healthy-weight-delivery-plan/

22 BBC News. 14 May 2022. Junk food: Obesity strategy falling apart, Jamie Oliver says. Junk food: Obesity strategy falling apart, Jamie Oliver says - BBC News

23 Jenkin G, Wilson N, Hermanson N. Identifying ‘unhealthy’ food advertising on television: a case study applying the UK Nutrient Profile model. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(5):614-623. doi:10.1017/S136898000800302

24 Wallis LW, Moore SG. Product promotions in online supermarkets: prevalence of ‘High Fat Sugar Salt’ (HFSS) products and labelling characteristics. Public Health Nutrition. 2023;26(11):2607-2618. doi:10.1017/S1368980023001787

25 Pasch, K.E., Poulos, N.S. (2013). Outdoor Food and Beverage Advertising: A Saturated Environment. In: Williams, J., Pasch, K., Collins, C. (eds) Advances in Communication Research to Reduce Childhood Obesity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5511-0_14

26 Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, Robinson E. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Feb;103(2):519-33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120022. Epub 2016 Jan 20. PMID: 26791177.

27 Russell SJ, Croker H, Viner RM. The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019 Apr;20(4):554-568. doi: 10.1111/obr.12812. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30576057; PMCID: PMC6446725.

28 UK Government. 27 July 2020. Policy paper. Tackling obesity: government strategy. Tackling obesity: government strategy - GOV.UK

29 Introducing further advertising restrictions on TV and online for products high in fat, salt and Sugar: Government response. GOV.UK. (2022). https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/further-advertising-restrictions-for-products-high-in-fat-salt-and-sugar/outcome/introducing-further-advertising-restrictions-on-tv-and-online-for-products-high-in-fat-salt-and-sugar-government response

30 Mytton, O. T., Boyland, E., Adams, J., Collins, B., O’Connell, M., Russell, S. J., ... & Cobiac, L. J. (2020). The potential health impact of restricting less-healthy food and beverage advertising on UK television between 05.30 and 21.00 hours: a modelling study. PLoS medicine, 17(10), e1003212.

31 UK Government (2023). Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price: implementation guide Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price: implementation guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

32 Scottish Government (2024). Restricting promotions of food high in fat, salt or sugar. Partial business and regulatory impact assessment Restricting Promotions of Foods High in Fat, Salt or Sugar (HFSS) - Partial Business and Regulatory Impact Assessment (www.gov.scot)

33 UK Government (2023). Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price: implementation guide Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price: implementation guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

34 Outsmart. What is OOH? 2024. What is OOH? (outsmart.org.uk)

35 Advertising Standards Authority. 2024, 7 August. Food: HFSS Media Placement. Food: HFSS Media Placement - ASA | CAP

36 RPC Legal. 2018, 20 December. Placing HFSS ads too close to schools. Placing HFSS ads too close to schools | RPC

37 Olsen, J. R., Patterson, C., Caryl, F. M., Robertson, T., Mooney, S. J., Rundle, A. G., ... & Hilton, S. (2021). Exposure to unhealthy product advertising: Spatial proximity analysis to schools and socio-economic inequalities in daily exposure measured using Scottish Children's individual-level GPS data. Health & place, 68, 102535.

38 Scottish Government. 2018, 2 July. A healthier future: Scotland’s diet and healthy weight delivery plan. A healthier future: Scotland's diet and healthy weight delivery plan - gov.scot

39 Outstmart. 2024. What is OOH? What is OOH? (outsmart.org.uk)

40 Sustain. 2024. Find out about sustainable food and farming in the UK | Sustain (sustainweb.org)

41 Sustain. 2022, 17 February. Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit. Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit | Sustain (sustainweb.org)/

42 Since conducting this research we are now aware that 20 local authorities have signed off on policy relating to the restriction on HFSS outdoor advertising https://www.sustainweb.org/news/oct24-cheshire-east-advertising-policy/

43 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLoS medicine, 19(2), e1003915.

44 Transport for London. 2024. Taxi & private hire. Taxi & private hire - Transport for London (tfl.gov.uk)

45 Sustain. 2024, 24 October. Cheshire East becomes twentieth Council to introduce a healthier food advertising policy. https://www.sustainweb.org/news/oct24-cheshire-east-advertising-policy/

46 School Food Matters. 2024, 18 January. Knowsley introduces healthier food advertising policy. Knowsley introduces healthier food advertising policy | School Food Matters

47 BBC News. 2024, 7 April. Sefton Council bans junk food ads on its billboard. Sefton Council bans junk food ads on its billboards - BBC News

48 World Health Organization. (2022). Use of nutrient profile models for nutrition and health policies: meeting report on the use of nutrient profile models in the WHO European Region, September 2021 (No. WHO/EURO: 2022-6201-45966-66383). World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.

49 Department of Health (2011). Nutrient Profiling Technical Guidance. Microsoft Word - Nutrient Profiling_DH template.doc (publishing.service.gov.uk)

50 BBC News. 2024, 27 March. Comedian Ed Gamble swaps hot dog for cucumber over Tube ad rule. Comedian Ed Gamble swaps hot dog for cucumber over Tube ad rule - BBC News

51 Meiksin, R., Er, V., Thompson, C., Adams, J., Boyland, E., Burgoine, T., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Restricting the advertising of high fat, salt and sugar foods on the Transport for London estate: process and implementation study. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114548.

52 Brighton & Hove City Council. 2023, December. Strategy, Finance & City Regeneration Committee. Bus Taxi Shelters Concession agreement.pdf (brighton-hove.gov.uk)

53 City of York Council. 2024, March. Decision Report: Advertising Contract. Report Template (york.gov.uk)

54 Obesity Action Scotland & East of Scotland Partnership (2021). Outdoor advertising. Policy arrangements in the East of Scotland. Scottish Government. outdooradvertising_oct-2021-final-version.pdf (obesityactionscotland.org)

55 City of York Council. 2024, March. Decision Report: Advertising Contract. Report Template (york.gov.uk)

56 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series

analysis. PLoS medicine, 19(2), e1003915.

57 Scott, L. J., Nobles, J., Sillero-Rejon, C., Brockman, R., Toumpakari, Z., Jago, R., ... & De Vocht, F. (2023). Advertisement of unhealthy commodities in Bristol and South Gloucestershire and rationale for a new advertisement policy. BMC public health, 23(1), 1078.

58 Public Health England (2018). Consultation on the UK Nutrient Profiling Model 2018 review. UK Nutrient Profiling Model 2018 review - GOV.UK

59 Meiksin, R., Er, V., Thompson, C., Adams, J., Boyland, E., Burgoine, T., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Restricting the advertising of high fat, salt and sugar foods on the Transport for London estate: process and implementation study. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114548.

60 Scott, L. J., Nobles, J., Sillero-Rejon, C., Brockman, R., Toumpakari, Z., Jago, R., ... & De Vocht, F. (2023). Advertisement of unhealthy commodities in Bristol and South Gloucestershire and rationale for a new advertisement policy. BMC public health, 23(1), 1078.

61 Lauber, K., Hunt, D., Gilmore, A. B., & Rutter, H. (2021). Corporate political activity in the context of unhealthy food advertising restrictions across Transport for London: A qualitative case study. PLoS Medicine, 18(9), e1003695.

62 Thompson, C., Clary, C., Er, V., Adams, J., Boyland, E., Burgoine, T., ... & Cummins, S. (2021). Media representations of opposition to the ‘junk food advertising ban on the Transport for London (TfL) network: a thematic content analysis of UK news and trade press. SSM-Population Health, 15, 100828.

63 The Nirvana fallacy is where a real-world solution is dismissed because it is not perfect, often compared to an unrealistic, idealised alternative. This fallacy assumes that a perfect solution exists and rejects any solution that is less than perfect. Nirvana Fallacy: Explanation and Examples accessed 23/1/2025

64 London Food Strategy. Consultation response report. Date (london.gov.uk)

65 Thompson, C., Clary, C., Er, V., Adams, J., Boyland, E., Burgoine, T., ... & Cummins, S. (2021). Media representations of opposition to the ‘junk food advertising ban on the Transport for London (TfL) network: a thematic content analysis of UK news and trade press. SSM-Population Health, 15, 100828.

66 Scott, L. J., Nobles, J., Sillero-Rejon, C., Brockman, R., Toumpakari, Z., Jago, R., ... & De Vocht, F. (2023). Advertisement of unhealthy commodities in Bristol and South Gloucestershire and rationale for a new advertisement policy. BMC public health, 23(1), 1078.

67 AdBlock Bristol (2022). How outdoor advertising impacts health and wellbeing. How outdoor advertising impacts health and wellbeing (adfreecities.org.uk)

68 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., ... & Cummins, S. (2022). Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLoS medicine, 19(2), e1003915.

^[69] Thomas, C., Breeze, P., Cummins, S., Cornelsen, L., Yau, A., & Brennan, A. (2022). The health, cost and equity impacts of restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt and sugar products across the transport for London network: a health economic modelling study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 93.

70 Scott, L. J., Toumpakari, Z., Nobles, J., Sillero-Rejon, C., Jago, R., Cummins, S., ... & Vocht, F. D. (2023). Assessing exposure to outdoor advertisement for products high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS); is self-reported exposure a useful exposure metric?. BMC public health, 23(1), 668.

71 Bite Back. 2024. The Gut Punch. The Gut Punch - Bite Back (biteback2030.com)

72 Ottoway Strategic Management (2022). London Borough of Lewisham: Child Obesity Trailblazer Programme (COTP). End of programme evaluation report. Childhood Obesity Trailblazer Programme | Local Government Association

73 Sustain. 2022, 17 February. Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit. Healthier Food Advertising Policy Toolkit | Sustain (sustainweb.org)

74 Obesity Action Scotland & East of Scotland Partnership (2021). Outdoor advertising. Policy arrangements in the East of Scotland. Scottish Government. outdooradvertising_oct-2021-final-version.pdf (obesityactionscotland.org)