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Publication - Research and analysis

Building regulations - new domestic buildings: identification and assessment of energy standard improvements

Published
24 July 2026
Directorate
Local Government and Housing Directorate
Topic
Building, planning and design, Energy
ISBN
9781836913122

Technical analysis to consider the implications of modelling method, dwelling specification and heating technology up key regulated metrics and costs to both the developer and occupier, to represent the emerging building stock in Scotland.

Part of

View supporting documents Supporting documents

Appendix D Technical Results Tables

D.1 Delivered Energy Rate (kWh/m2/yr)

Table 25 Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Air Source Heat Pump)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional End Terrace 36.7 26.1 - £159,372
BAU End Terrace 31.3 22.7 32.0 £154,712
Good End Terrace 28.5 21.3 28.2 £156,425
Best End Terrace 16.7 9.5 13.6 £166,979
Notional Mid Terrace 33.0 24.1 - £146,703
BAU Mid Terrace 28.3 20.1 27.6 £142,412
Good Mid Terrace 26.8 19.0 25.1 £144,033
Best Mid Terrace 16.2 7.9 11.9 £153,664
Notional Detached House 41.7 28.9 - £203,798
BAU Detached House 35.6 24.5 31.1 £197,251
Good Detached House 32.2 22.1 26.5 £199,766
Best Detached House 18.2 11.6 12.8 £214,376
Notional Block of Flats 35.2 26.0 - £2,040,593
BAU Block of Flats 30.3 22.7 26.5 £1,974,484
Good Block of Flats 28.5 21.7 24.6 £2,015,554
Best Block of Flats 18.2 15.0 13.6 £2,131,740
Table 26. Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Direct Electric)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional End Terrace 81.1 55.5 - £162,165
BAU End Terrace 61.9 37.9 79.3 £157,475
Good End Terrace 50.8 28.5 58.8 £160,785
Best End Terrace 33.8 17.2 25.4 £168,234
Notional Mid Terrace 71.7 49.7 - £148,917
BAU Mid Terrace 51.5 33.3 64.9 £144,626
Good Mid Terrace 43.7 24.8 47.9 £147,601
Best Mid Terrace 30.7 15.2 19.5 £154,524
Notional Detached House 93.6 61.5 - £206,363
BAU Detached House 79.5 44.9 78.2 £199,785
Good Detached House 66.6 34.5 58.3 £203,899
Best Detached House 40.8 20.7 28.7 £215,404
Notional Block of Flats 79.4 58.7 - £1,994,712
BAU Block of Flats 60.4 42.9 59.1 £1,939,027
Good Block of Flats 53.5 34.0 44.0 £1,968,777
Best Block of Flats 32.3 26.6 20.4 £2,076,333
Table 27. Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (District Heating Network)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

DDER (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional End Terrace 64.6 52.7 - £160,447
BAU End Terrace 70.2 43.0 85.8 £155,765
Good End Terrace 60.4 34.3 66.8 £159,064
Best End Terrace 38.2 22.8 32.3 £166,512
Notional Mid Terrace 55.9 46.6 - £147,377
BAU Mid Terrace 60.6 38.2 71.3 £143,054
Good Mid Terrace 54.2 30.3 55.4 £146,078
Best Mid Terrace 35.7 20.1 25.9 £153,000
Notional Detached House 77.0 60.0 - £204,003
BAU Detached House 86.7 50.7 84.8 £197,434
Good Detached House 75.4 40.7 65.8 £201,535
Best Detached House 44.8 25.5 35.2 £213,040
Notional Block of Flats 58.8 54.5 - £2,024,475
BAU Block of Flats 62.6 47.0 64.1 £1,966,689
Good Block of Flats 57.1 38.8 49.0 £1,999,590
Best Block of Flats 32.5 30.4 24.4 £2,107,147

D.2 Regulated Fuel Cost

Table 28 Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Air Source Heat Pump)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

SAP 10.2

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

PHPPv10.6

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET £723 £514 - £159,372
BAU ET £616 £447 £569 £154,712
Good ET £563 £420 £502 £156,425
Best ET £275 £140 £188 £166,979
Notional MT £650 £476 - £146,703
BAU MT £559 £397 £492 £142,412
Good MT £529 £374 £446 £144,033
Best MT £264 £108 £156 £153,664
Notional DE £1,045 £725 - £203,798
BAU DE £894 £614 £726 £197,251
Good DE £807 £553 £619 £199,766
Best DE £386 £230 £226 £214,376
Notional BF £7,184 £5,311 - £2,040,593
BAU BF £6,179 £4,633 £5,185 £1,974,484
Good BF £5,811 £4,438 £4,809 £2,015,554
Best BF £3,533 £2,881 £2,464 £2,131,740
Table 29 Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Direct Electric)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

SAP 10.2

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

PHPPv10.6

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET £209 £58 £162,165
BAU ET £1,148 £681 £1,338 £157,475
Good ET £883 £453 £926 £160,785
Best ET £541 £229 £325 £168,234
Notional MT £160 £33 £148,917
BAU MT £941 £590 £1,079 £144,626
Good MT £740 £379 £730 £147,601
Best MT £479 £187 £217 £154,524
Notional DE £340 £104 £206,363
BAU DE £1,900 £1,038 £1,730 £199,785
Good DE £1,515 £723 £1,202 £203,899
Best DE £861 £376 £502 £215,404
Notional BF £2,846 £1,830 £1,994,712
BAU BF £12,048 £8,502 £11,268 £1,939,027
Good BF £10,410 £6,506 £8,095 £1,968,777
Best BF £6,062 £4,993 £3,452 £2,076,333
Table 30 Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (District Heating Network)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

SAP 10.2

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

PHPPv10.6

Regulated Fuel Cost (£/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET £604 £450 £160,447
BAU ET £699 £375 £765 £155,765
Good ET £542 £229 £527 £159,064
Best ET £301 £125 £196 £166,512
Notional MT £503 £382 £147,377
BAU MT £588 £322 £619 £143,054
Good MT £472 £185 £413 £146,078
Best MT £275 £89 £132 £153,000
Notional DE £949 £676 £204,003
BAU DE £1,130 £589 £993 £197,434
Good DE £908 £382 £684 £201,535
Best DE £480 £200 £297 £213,040
Notional BF £6,261 £5,646 £2,024,475
BAU BF £6,884 £4,988 £6,625 £1,966,689
Good BF £5,957 £3,747 £4,692 £1,999,590
Best BF £3,209 £2,945 £2,100 £2,107,147

D.3 Space Heat Demand

Table 31 Space Heat Demand (kWh/m2/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Air Source Heat Pump)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET 36.6 27.9 - £159,372
BAU ET 41.8 23.1 66.7 £154,712
Good ET 32.7 19.5 54.1 £156,425
Best ET 12.3 5.0 16.9 £166,979
Notional MT 26.9 23.2 - £146,703
BAU MT 31.1 18.2 51.8 £142,412
Good MT 24.8 15.5 42.6 £144,033
Best MT 8.5 2.7 10.5 £153,664
Notional DE 54.7 40.2 - £203,798
BAU DE 65.3 35.1 66.5 £197,251
Good DE 52.8 29.7 52.0 £199,766
Best DE 21.8 15.4 19.1 £214,376
Notional BF 33.9 18.7 - £2,040,593
BAU BF 37.3 15.0 38.3 £1,974,484
Good BF 31.4 12.7 31.2 £2,015,554
Best BF 8.2 1.4 5.4 £2,131,740
Table 32 Space Heat Demand (kWh/m2/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (Direct Electric)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET 32.8 26.1 - £162,165
BAU ET 42.6 21.5 66.7 £157,475
Good ET 35.3 18.4 54.1 £160,785
Best ET 16.2 4.5 16.9 £168,234
Notional MT 24.2 20.6 - £148,917
BAU MT 32.4 16.8 51.8 £144,626
Good MT 27.7 14.5 42.5 £147,601
Best MT 12.5 2.3 10.5 £154,524
Notional DE 50.1 37.1 - £206,363
BAU DE 64.0 33.1 66.5 £199,785
Good DE 54.4 28.2 52.0 £203,899
Best DE 26.7 10.8 19.1 £215,404
Notional BF 26.7 15.8 - £1,994,712
BAU BF 39.2 13.6 38.3 £1,939,027
Good BF 34.9 11.6 31.2 £1,968,777
Best BF 11.9 2.5 5.4 £2,076,333
Table 33 Space Heat Demand (kWh/m2/yr) for modelled combinations of archetypes, specification and systems (District Heating Network)
Specification Reference Archetype Reference

HEMv0.33 FHSv0.24

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

SAP 10.2

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

PHPPv10.6

SH Demand (kWh/m2/yr)

 CAPEX (£)
Notional ET 34.1 26.5 - £160,447
BAU ET 38.5 21.2 66.7 £155,765
Good ET 31.1 18.3 54.1 £159,064
Best ET 13.0 4.2 16.9 £166,512
Notional MT 25.6 20.9 - £147,377
BAU MT 29.1 16.4 51.8 £143,054
Good MT 24.1 14.3 42.5 £146,078
Best MT 9.4 2.1 10.5 £153,000
Notional DE 50.9 38.4 - £204,003
BAU DE 59.2 33.6 66.5 £197,434
Good DE 50.1 28.7 52.0 £201,535
Best DE 23.3 10.7 19.1 £213,040
Notional BF 27.8 15.9 - £2,024,475
BAU BF 30.4 12.9 38.3 £1,966,689
Good BF 26.8 11.2 31.2 £1,999,590
Best BF 7.4 1.0 5.4 £2,107,147

Contact

Email: buildingstandards@gov.scot

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