Unconventional oil and gas policy: SEA

Environmental report for the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of our preferred policy position on unconventional oil and gas in Scotland.


Footnotes

1. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of unconventional oil and gas in Scotland. A Report for the Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

2. The studies are available at the following website: https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/onshoreoilandgas/EvidenceGathering

3. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of unconventional oil and gas in Scotland. A Report for the Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

4. Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

5. Extracted from Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

6. KPMG (2016) notes that at current gas prices, the development of two coal bed methane pads and associated production volumes would not generate high enough revenues to justify the investment. However the development of coal bed methane is included in the economic scenarios and Scottish Government has confirmed that these should be included in the business as usual scenarios.

7. Directive 2001/42/EC

8. The Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005

9. Advice to the Scottish Government on the New Climate Change Bill (2017) https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Advice-to-Scottish-Government-on-Scottish-Climate-Change-Bill-Committee-on-Climate-Change-March-2017.pdf

10. Unconventional Oil and Gas: Compatibility with Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets (2016) http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2016/11/1380

11. Committee on Climate Change (2016) Scottish Unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions target. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509324.pdf

12. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p.27 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

13. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel- Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

14. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

15. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

16. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas p.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

17. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

18. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

19. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. p.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

20. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf

21. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf

22. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. p.28 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

23. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.28 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

24. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.28Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

25. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p.7 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

26. Tyndall Manchester, 2014. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Production: A Review of Existing Research. Available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/33717093/FULL_TEXT.PDF

27. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas activities. Available at: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_6_Fugitive_Emissions_from_Oil_and_Natural_Gas.pdf

28. Congressional Research Service, 2016. An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Available at: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R42986.pdf

29. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2018. What are hazardous air pollutants? Available at: https://www.epa.gov/haps/what-are-hazardous-air-pollutants

30. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

31. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

32. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf

33. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

34. Congressional Research Service, 2016. An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Available at: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R42986.pdf

35. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

36. Ohio EPA, 2014. Fact Sheet – Understanding the Basics of Gas Flaring.

37. Congressional Research Service, 2016. An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Available at: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R42986.pdf

38. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf

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40. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

41. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

42. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

43. Jones, L., Vieno, M., Morton, D., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Carnell, E., Nemitz, E., Hall, J., Beck, R., Reis, S., Pritchard, N., Hayes, F., Mills, G., Koshy, A., Dickie, I. (2017). Developing Estimates for the Valuation of Air Pollution Removal in Ecosystem Accounts. Final report for Office of National Statistics, July 2017. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/developingestimatesforthevaluationofairpollutioninecosystemaccounts/2017-07-25

44. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

45. The Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

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51. ClimateXChange, 2014. Life-Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Unconventional Gas in Scotland. Available at: https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/1570/life-cycle_assessment_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_unconventional_gas_in_scotland_full_report_updated_8dec14.pdf

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55. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

56. Scottish Environment Protection Agency, undated. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Available at: http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=123

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64. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf

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71. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf

72. Transport Scotland, 2017. Scottish Transport Statistics No 35: 2016 Edition. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/33814/sct01171871341.pdf

73. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, 2017. Air Quality Pollutant Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2015. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1710060932_DA_Air_Quality_Pollutant_Inventories_1990-2015_v01-01.pdf

74. Stravros G. Poulopoulos and Vassilis J.Inglezakis, 2016. Environment and Development – Basic Principles, Human Activities, and Environmental Implications. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/books/environment-and-development/poulopoulos/978-0-444-62733-9

75. Stravros G. Poulopoulos and Vassilis J.Inglezakis, 2016. Environment and Development – Basic Principles, Human Activities, and Environmental Implications. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/books/environment-and-development/poulopoulos/978-0-444-62733-9

76. Scottish Government, 2018. Pollutant information. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/waste-and-pollution/Pollution-1/16215/6273#anchor9

77. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, 2017. Air Quality Pollutant Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2015. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1710060932_DA_Air_Quality_Pollutant_Inventories_1990-2015_v01-01.pdf

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80. Scotland’s Environment, undated. Air Quality. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/our-environment/air/air-quality/

81. Macey et al., 2014. Air concentrations of volatile compounds near oil and gas production: a community-based exploratory study. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4216869/

82. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)

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84. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)

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86. Scottish Environment Protection Agency, undated. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Available at: http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=123

87. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf

88. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

89. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

90. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

91. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.

92. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

93. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

94. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

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96. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

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99. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

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102. Tyndall Manchester, 2014. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Production: A Review of Existing Research. Available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/33717093/FULL_TEXT.PDF

103. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

104. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

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109. https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

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126. The Borehole Sites and Operations Regulations 1995 (1995 No.2038)

127. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

128. The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015 (2015 No.483)

129. Radioactive Substances Act 1993 (c.12)

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137. SEPA, undated. Unconventional Gas Development: Monitoring of Produced Water. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/59423/unconventional-gas-development-monitoring-of-produced-water.pdf

138. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf

139. The Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

140. The Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

141. The Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

142. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

143. Environment Agency, 2011. Shale Gas North West – Monitoring of Flowback water. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140328145127/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/6th_Dec_-_Shale_gas_-_North_West_-_Monitoring_of_flowback_water_-_update_(3).pdf

144. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

145. The Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

146. The Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

147. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

148. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf

149. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

150. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

151. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

152. Royal Society/Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012. Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of hydraulic fracturing. Available at: https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/projects/shale-gas/2012-06-28-shale-gas.pdf

153. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

154. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

155. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

156. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

157. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf

158. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf

159. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

160. Maloney et al., 2016. Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes and risks to surface waters in four states of the U.S. Available at: http://environment.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Science-of-the-Total-Environment-Spill-Paper.pdf

161. Institution of Environmental Sciences, undated. Fracking: the debate. Available at: https://www.the-ies.org/sites/default/files/documents/fracking_the_debate.pdf

162. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

163. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

164. Maloney et al., 2016. Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes and risks to surface waters in four states of the U.S. Available at: http://environment.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Science-of-the-Total-Environment-Spill-Paper.pdf

165. Institution of Environmental Sciences, undated. Fracking: the debate. Available at: https://www.the-ies.org/sites/default/files/documents/fracking_the_debate.pdf

166. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

167. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

168. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf

169. Broderick et al., 2011. Shale gas: an updated assessment of environmental and climate change impacts. A report commissioned by The Co-operative and undertaken by researchers at the Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester.Available at: http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/media/eps/schoolofmechanicalaerospaceandcivilengineering/newsandevents/news/research/pdfs2011/shale-gas-threat-report.pdf

170. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

171. SEPA (undated)Regulatory guidance: Coal bed methane and shale gas. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/139706/unconventional_gas_guidance.pdf

172. Government of British Columbia, 2016. Best Practices for Prevention of Saltwater Intrusion. Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/water-wells/saltwaterintrusion_factsheet_flnro_web.pdf

173. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf

174. Lumens, 2014. Fibre-optic sensing for application in oil and gas wells Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Available at: https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/3823460/769555.pdf

175. Scottish Government (2011) The State of Scotland’s soil report. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf

176. Dobbie, K.E., Bruneau, P.M.C and Towers, W. (eds), 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil – Natural Scotland. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf

177. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)

178. The Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2009 No.266)

179. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

180. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.

181. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

182. The Radioactive Substances Act 1993 (1993 c.12)

183. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (2002 No.2677)

184. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (1990 c.43)

185. The Contaminated Land (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (as amended) (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2000 No.178)

186. For comparison the Alloa West Business Park allocated in the Clackmannanshire Local Plan (2015) p.117 covers an area of 53.48ha, Sauchie West housing allocation p.122 covers an area of 52.81ha. Available at: http://gis.clacksweb.org.uk/dataset/e0a14ab6-c461-436a-a7e0-ec9ff4c899e9/resource/aaa5ccb2-136a-48e5-b349-848d2ca27abc/download/clackmannanshirelocaldevelopmentplanaugust2015.pdf

187. Based on the assumption that an average well pad is the area of a football pitch (8,000m2) each KPMG scenario is therefore the (number of pads x 8,000), plus the area of 2 CBM pads at 16,000m2.

188. Also relevant to the Preferred Policy Position, if imported unconventional oil and gas continues to provide part of the energy mix in Scotland.

189. The Scottish Government, 2016. Alternative presentation using the categories used in the Climate Change Plan 2018. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00536547.docx

190. Committee on Climate Change (2016) Scottish Unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions targets Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

191. Ibid.

192. UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2016 – Annual Report for Submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1804191054_ukghgi-90-16_Main_Issue1.1_UNFCCC.pdf

193. Spudding is the process of beginning to drill a well. Initially, a larger drill bit is used to drill a surface hole, which is lined with casing and cement. After the surface whole is completed, the main drill bit is inserted to drill to total depth. This process is also known as ‘spudding in’.

194. https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/Newclimatechangebill

195. Scottish Government, 2018. Climate Change Plan Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018 - 2032. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00532096.pdf

196. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

197. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.

198. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)

299. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

200. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

201. Howarth r.w., Santoro, R. Ingraffea, A. ( 2011). Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations Available at: http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/Howarth%20et%20al%20%202011.pdf

202. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf

203. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

204. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

205. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf

206. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

207. UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis of the Key Findings. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

208. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2501/nb10a_key_semi-natural_habitats.pdf

209. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2475/nb3_extent_and_condition_of_hedgerows_and_ponds_210316_branded_template.pdf

210. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2521/nb19_positive_condition.pdf

211. Ibid.

212. Natura sites are internationally important for threatened habitats and species.

213. https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/planning-and-development/environmental-assessment/habitats-regulations-appraisal-hra

214. https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/sites-special-scientific-interest

215. The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (1994 No.2716)

216. https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163480/biosecurity-and-management-of-invasive-non-native-species-construction-sites.pdf

217. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

218. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.

219. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

220. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 36. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

 

222. The presence of the drilling rig (height approximately 38m) when on site, has the potential to impact on the setting of historic environment features at greater distance from the well pad.

223. https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/applying-for-consents/listed-building-consent-and-conservation-area-consent/listed-building-consent/

224. https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/applying-for-consents/listed-building-consent-and-conservation-area-consent/listed-building-consent-process/

225. https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/applying-for-consents/scheduled-monument-consent/what-is-scheduled-monument-consent/

226. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46

227. Scottish Government (2014) Scottish Planning Policy. Available at: /binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/publication/2014/06/scottish-planning-policy/documents/00453827-pdf/00453827-pdf/govscot:document/

228. Based on longest timescale for exploration and appraisal, plus two years of production as outlined in Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, p.21

229. Total cumulative output for shale gas and associated liquids is assumed to be in the late 2040s based on KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p. 25 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

230. Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, p.22

231. SNH. 2014. Visual influence of built development indicator – 2013 data update - Technical note. Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-06/Natural%20Heritage%20Indicator%20-%20N3%20-%20Visual%20Influence%20of%20Built%20Development%20and%20Land%20Use%20Change%20-%202014%20update.pdf

232. Scottish Natural Heritage (2016) Landscape Indicator LLQ2 Perceived Naturalness of land cover in the Central Scotland Green Network Area (CSGN) https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Landscape%20Indicator%20-%20LLQ2%20-%20Naturalness%20of%20land%20cover%20in%20CSGN.pdf

233. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

234. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

235. 38m is referenced in Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, 30m is referenced in Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas

236. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

237. Based on 2-6 years for exploration and appraisal and drilling rig being on site during first two years of production as outlined in Scottish Government (2016) Talking Fracking. p23.

238. Total cumulative output for shale gas and associated liquids is assumed to be in the late 2040s based on KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p. 25 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

239. SNH, 2003. Trend note – Land Cover Change 1940s – 1980s: Built land. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-09/B1009926%20-%20Trend%20note%20-%20Land%20Cover%20Change%201940s%20%E2%80%93%201980s%20-%20Built%20land.pdf

240. For comparison the Alloa West Business Park allocated in the Clackmannanshire Local Plan (2015) p.117 covers an area of 53.48ha, Sauchie West housing allocation p.122 covers an area of 52.81ha. Available at: http://gis.clacksweb.org.uk/dataset/e0a14ab6-c461-436a-a7e0-ec9ff4c899e9/resource/aaa5ccb2-136a-48e5-b349-848d2ca27abc/download/clackmannanshirelocaldevelopmentplanaugust2015.pdf

241. Based on the assumption that an average well pad is the area of a football pitch (8,000m2) each KPMG scenario is therefore the (number of pads x 8,000), plus the area of 2 CBM pads at 16,000m2.

242. This compares to the allocations in Clackmannanshire Local Development Plan (2015) of approximately 351ha business land and 363ha housing land. These total figures are based on the figures provided in the area statements for Forth, West Ochils and East Ochils

243. Grade 2 is land capable of producing a wide range of crops. Grade 3.1 is land capable of producing consistently high yields of a narrow range of crops and/or moderate yields of a wider range. Short grass leys are common. http://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=5#

244. Forestry Commission Scotland (2009) The Scottish Government’s Rationale for Woodland Expansion. Available at: https://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/ForestExpansion.pdf

245. Transport Scotland Scottish Transport Statistics no 36 2017 Edition. A National Statistics publication for Scotland. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/41863/scottish-transport-statistics-2017-with-correction-to-table-214.pdf

246. See reference to footnote in paragraph 12.2 to the area of land allocated for development in the Clackmannanshire Local Development Plan.

247. Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

248. Transport Scotland (2016) Development and the Trunk Road Network. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/1414/trbo-development-and-the-trunk-road-network-march-2016.pdf

249. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)

250. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.

251. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

252. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

253. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

254. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. P.61 Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

255. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

256. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Volume 1 Report. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

257. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

258. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

259. British Geological Society, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf

260. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 39 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

261. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 49 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

262. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland Volume 1 Report available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

263. Ibid.

264. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

265. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

266. Ibid.

267. Ibid.

268. https://www.environment.gov.scot/our-environment/air/air-quality-and-health/

269. The Scottish Health Survey 2016 (2016) http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00525366.pdf

270. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf

271. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – groundwaters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/

272. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – surface waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/

273. SEPA, 2016. Scottish bathing waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219168/1282_sepa_bathing_waters_2016_web.pdf

274. https://noise.environment.gov.scot/noisemap/

275. Baptie et al., 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf

276. James Hutton Institute, OPENSpace Edinburgh University, University of Glasgow, Heriot-Watt University, Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (2014) Contribution of green and open space to public health and wellbeing. For Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.hutton.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/projects/GreenHealth-Final-Report.pdf

277. Scottish Household Survey, 2016. Scotland’s People Annual Report 2016. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00525075.pdf

278. Transport Scotland Scottish Transport Statistics no 36 2017 Edition. A National Statistics publication for Scotland. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/41863/scottish-transport-statistics-2017-with-correction-to-table-214.pdf

279. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/regions/index.htm

280. European Commission, 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32008R1272

281. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

282. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.571)

283. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

284. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)

285. The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015 (2015 No.483)

286. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (2002 No.2677)

287. The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (1999 No.3232)

288. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (1992 No.3004)

289. The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005

290. UK Government, 2016. Noise impact assessment: information requirements. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/noise-impact-assessment-information-requirements

291. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Volume 1 Report. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

292. https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/waste-and-pollution/Pollution-1/Noise-Nuisance/17661

293. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

294. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

295. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

296. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

297. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

298. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

299. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

300. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

301. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

302. Baptie et al., 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf

303. Royal Society/Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012. Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of hydraulic fracturing. Available at: https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/projects/shale-gas/2012-06-28-shale-gas.pdf

304. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

305. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

306. Health Protection Scotland (2016) Volume 1: A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

307. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

308. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

309. Health Protection Scotland (2016) Volume 1: A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102

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350. SNH, 2015. Field margins and hedgerows. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/landscapes-habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/farmland-and-croftland/hedgerows-and-field-margins

351. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

352. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf.

353. KPMG, 2016. Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

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361. The National Emission Ceilings Regulations 2002 (2002/3118)

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363. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012/360)

364. Environment Act 1995 (Chapter 25)

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366. European Commission, 2000. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32002L0049

367. The Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for use Outdoors Regulations 2001 (2001/1701)

368. The Environmental Noise (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2006/465)

369. Public Health etc. (Scotland) Act 2008 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2008/asp 5)

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372. The Bathing Waters (Scotland) Regulations 2008 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2008/170)

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374. The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2001/207)

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382. National Records of Scotland, 2017. Mid-Year Population Estimates for Scotland, Mid-2016 – Population estimates by sex, age and area. Available at: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/statistics/population-estimates/mid-year-2016/16mype-cahb.pdf

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387. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland – The Road to a Healthier Future. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf

388. Air Quality in Scotland, 2017. Air Quality Management Areas. Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm/aqma

389. Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf

390. DWQR, 2016. Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 2016 – Public water supply. Available at: http://dwqr.scot/media/34946/drinking-water-quality-in-scotland-in-2016-dwqr-annual-report.pdf

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394. SEPA, 2017. River Basin Management Planning. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/water/river-basin-management-planning/

395. Scottish Government, 2016. Key Scottish Environment Statistics 2016. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2016/10/7565/334167

396. SEPA, 2016. Scottish Bathing Waters 2016. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219168/1282_sepa_bathing_waters_2016_web.pdf

397. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

398. British Geological Society, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf

399. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

400. Ibid.

401. Ibid.

402. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

403. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

404. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

405. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101

406. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

407. KPMG, 2016. Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf

408. European Commission, 2006. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0231

409. Scottish Government, 2009. The Scottish Soil Framework. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0

410. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Chapter 43)

411. The Contaminated Land (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2000/178)

412. SNH, 2015. Scotland’s National Peatland Plan: Working for our future. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/A1697542%20-%20150730%20-%20peatland_plan.pdf

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414. Scottish Government, 2006. Scotland’s Soil Resource – Current State and Threats – Chapter 7: Soil Contamination. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/149337/0039742.pdf

415. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf

416. Scottish Natural Heritage, 2010. Condition of Designated Sites. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/condition-designated-sites

417. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf

418. SNH, 2017. Managing nature for carbon capture. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/climate-change/taking-action/carbon-management/managing-nature-carbon-capture

419. SEPA, 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf

420. Scottish Government, 2006. Scotland’s Soil Resource – Current State and Threats – Chapter 7: Soil Contamination. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/149337/0039742.pdf

421. SEPA, 2017. Guidance on consideration of soil in Strategic Environmental Assessment. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/162986/lups-sea-gu2-consideration-of-soil-in-sea.pdf

422. SEPA, 2017. Guidance on consideration of soil in Strategic Environmental Assessment. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/162986/lups-sea-gu2-consideration-of-soil-in-sea.pdf

423. SEPA, 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf

424. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf

425. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

426. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

427. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-unconventional-oil-and-gas-compatibility-with-scottish-emissions-targets/

428. European Commission, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5c835afb-2ec6-4577-bdf8-756d3d694eeb.0004.02/DOC_1&format=PDF

429. Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2003/asp 3)

430. Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2011/209)

431. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012/360)

432. European Commission, 2007. Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32007L0060

433. Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2009/asp 6)

434. SEPA, 2016. Flood Risk Management Strategies. Available at: http://apps.sepa.org.uk/FRMStrategies/

435. Scotland’s Water Environment, 2014. Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf

436. SNH, 2017. Lochs, rivers and wetlands. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/lochs-rivers-and-wetlands

437. Scotland’s Water Environment, 2014. Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf

438. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – groundwaters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/

439. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – surface waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/

440. SEPA, 2017. River Basin Management Planning. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/water/river-basin-management-planning/

441. Scottish Government, 2015. Mapping Flood Disadvantage in Scotland 2015. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00490788.pdf

442. Scottish Government, 2015. Mapping Flood Disadvantage in Scotland 2015. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00490788.pdf

443. SEPA, 2015. Strategic Environmental Assessment: Flood Risk Strategies, Environmental Report – consultation. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163415/sea_environmental_report.pdf

444. DPMAG (undated). Rural diffuse pollution plan for Scotland. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/37557/rural-diffuse-pollution-plan-scotland.pdf

445. Scotland’s Environment, 2014.

446. CREW, 2012. Coastal Flooding in Scotland – A guidance document for coastal practitioners. Available at: http://www.crew.ac.uk/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publication/Coastal%20Flooding_300812_Final.pdf

447. SNH, 2011. Trend Note – Climate change and rivers. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/B1043758%20-%20Natural%20Heritage%20Trends%20-%20Climate%20change%20and%20rivers%20-%20PDF.pdf

448. SEPA, 2015. Strategic Environmental Assessment: Flood Risk Strategies, Environmental Report – consultation. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163415/sea_environmental_report.pdf

449. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

450. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

451. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf

452. Ibid.

453. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

454. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

455. European Commission, 2008. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:152:0001:0044:en:PDF

456. European Commission, 2016. Directive 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.344.01.0001.01.ENG

457. European Commission, 2001. Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0081

458. The National Emission Ceilings Regulations 2002 (2002/3118)

459. CIEEM, 2015. UK Environmental Legislation and UK Implementation. Available at: https://www.cieem.net/data/files/Resource_Library/Policy/Policy_work/CIEEM_EU_Directive_Summaries.pdf

460. The Air Quality Standards (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010/204)

461. European Commission, 2004. Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1486475021303&uri=CELEX:02004L0107-20150918

462. Environment Act 1995 (Chapter 25)

463. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c.43)

464. Clean Air Act 1993 (c.11)

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468. Transport Scotland, 2017. Scottish Transport Statistics No 35: 2016 Edition. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/33814/sct01171871341.pdf

469. Defra, 2017. Trends Report 2017: Trends in critical load and critical level exceedances in the UK. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1802190916_Trends_Report_2017_Final_Version.pdf

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471. Air Quality in Scotland, 2017. Air Quality Management Areas. Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm/aqma

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474. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. Get Informed – Air – Air Quality. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/get-informed/air/air-quality/

475. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf

476. Scottish Government, 2017. National Indicator: Traffic Congestion – Reduce traffic congestion. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/our-environment/air/air-quality/

477. Scottish Government, 2017. Scotland’s Draft Climate Change Bill – Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Report. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/seag/seagDocs/SEA-01269/19390.pdf

478. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. June 2014 State of the Environment Report. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf

479. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

480. Ibid.

481. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf

482. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf

483. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf

484. European Commission, 2016. Climate Action – Paris Agreement. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en

485. European Commission, 2018. Climate Action – The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en

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487. European Commission, 2014. 2030 Climate & Energy Framework. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en

488. European Commission, 2011. The roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/2050_roadmap_en.pdf

489. European Commission, 2012. Energy Roadmap 2050. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf

490. European Commission, 2011. WHITE PAPER Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A52011DC0144

491. European Commission, 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32009L0028

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495. Climate Change Act 2008 (Chapter 27)

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522. Historic Environment Scotland Act 2014 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2014/asp 19)

523. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (Chapter 46)

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528. The Town and Country Planning (Historic Environment Scotland) Amendment Regulations (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2015/237)

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536. Historic Environment Scotland, undated. Stirling Old Bridge. Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/stirling-old-bridge/

537. Historic Environment Scotland, undated. Clackmannan Tower. Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/clackmannan-tower/

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559. SNH, 2003. Trend note – Land Cover Change 1940s – 1980s: Built land. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-09/B1009926%20-%20Trend%20note%20-%20Land%20Cover%20Change%201940s%20%E2%80%93%201980s%20-%20Built%20land.pdf

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567. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012/360)

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569. The Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2009/266)

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571. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Chapter 43)

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