Pesticide usage in Scotland: soft fruit 2020

Appendix 1 – Estimated application tables

Table 1 Percentage of each crop treated with pesticides and mean number of spray applications - 2020

Crop	Fungicides		Herbicides/ desiccants		Insecticides/ acaricides		Molluscicides		Sulphur		Biologicals(1)		Physical control		Any pesticide
	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps
Non-protected strawberry	48	5.6	48	5.9	39	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	51	10.9
Protected strawberry	100	9.9	27	1.8	94	3.9	40	1.5	37	1.5	60	3.8	11	1.4	100	15.0
All strawberry	99	9.8	27	2.0	93	3.8	39	1.5	36	1.5	59	3.8	10	1.4	99	14.9
Non-protected raspberry	4	7.0	6	2.4	4	2.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	6	8.6
Protected raspberry	99	4.0	50	1.6	72	3.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	61	2.2	28	2.0	100	8.5
All raspberry	69	4.1	37	1.6	51	3.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	42	2.2	19	2.0	70	8.5
All blackcurrant	95	3.9	82	1.4	95	2.8	0	0.0	85	2.9	0	0.0	1	1.0	96	7.6
Non-protected other soft fruit	16	3.6	26	1.8	14	2.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	1.0	7	1.0	26	4.4
Protected other soft fruit	77	3.4	11	1.0	95	3.1	2	1.0	5	1.1	74	6.0	13	1.5	100	10.1
All other soft fruit	55	3.4	16	1.5	66	3.1	1	1.0	3	1.1	48	5.9	11	1.4	73	9.3
All soft fruit crops	86	7.6	34	1.7	83	3.5	22	1.5	32	2.0	47	4.0	10	1.5	90	12.4

(1) Biologicals include biological control agents and biopesticides

Note: The average number of spray applications is calculated only on the areas receiving each pesticide group and therefore the minimum number of applications is always one (see appendix 3 – definitions and notes for details)

Table 2 Strawberry insecticide and acaricide formulations - 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Abamectin	0	0	75	5	75	1	449	4
Bifenazate	0	0	787	46	787	68	310	36
Clofentezine	0	0	444	37	444	71	160	32
Cyantraniliprole	0	0	19	2	19	1	50	4
Cyflumetofen	0	0	150	13	150	30	0	0
Deltamethrin	0	0	93	8	93	1	167	1
Etoxazole	0	0	271	23	271	10	233	8
Fatty acids C7-C20	0	0	126	11	126	607	30	230
Indoxacarb	0	0	126	11	126	6	66	3
Lambda-cyhalothrin	0	0	798	47	798	7	765	8
Pyrethrins	0	0	13	1	13	1	251	15
Spinosad	0	0	428	27	428	29	250	18
Spirodiclofen	0	0	196	16	196	16	18	2
Spirotetramat	0	0	1,265	83	1,265	120	149	15
Thiacloprid	12	39	744	58	756	83	823	99
All insecticides/acaricides	12	39	5,536	94	5,548	1,050	3,814	490
Area grown	31		1,190		1,221		1,175

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 3 Strawberry biological, molluscicide and physical control formulations - 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Amblydromalus limonicus	0	0	4	< 0.5	4	N/A	0	N/A
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI600	0	0	49	4	49	N/A	0	N/A
Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808	0	0	428	14	428	N/A	0	N/A
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	14	1	14	N/A	9	N/A
Neoseiulus cucumeris	0	0	881	34	881	N/A	71	N/A
Parasitic wasps (species not recorded)	0	0	49	4	49	N/A	240	N/A
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	370	16	370	N/A	563	N/A
Steinernema feltiae	0	0	29	2	29	N/A	162	N/A
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	314	18	314	N/A	31	N/A
Stratiolaelaps scimitus	0	0	11	1	11	N/A	0	N/A
Transeius montdorensis	0	0	4	< 0.5	4	N/A	0	N/A
All biological control agents	0		2,153		2,153	N/A	1,078	N/A
Biopesticides
Ampelomyces quisqualis strain AQ 10	0	0	47	2	47	2	773	31
Aureobasidium pullulans	0	0	18	1	18	4	0	0
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747	0	0	59	4	59	34	0	0

Cont…

Table 3 Strawberry biological, molluscicide and physical control formulations – 2020 continued, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713	0	0	622	31	622	50	1,883	114
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki	0	0	307	22	307	119	98	32
Beauveria bassiana ATCC - 74040	0	0	12	1	12	3	113	12
All biopesticides	0		1,065		1,065	211	2,895	193
All biologicals(2)	0	0	3,217	60	3,217	211	3,973	193
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	388	27	388	78	361	75
Metaldehyde	0	0	318	17	318	36	412	71
All molluscicides	0	0	706	40	706	114	773	146
Physical control
Unspecified physical control agents	0	0	180	11	180	N/A	0	0
All physical control	0	0	180	11	180	N/A	46	90
Area grown	31		1,190		1,221		1,175

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

(2) All biologicals includes biological control agents and biopesticides

Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore weight data are not presented

N/A = not applicable

Table 4 Strawberry fungicide and sulphur formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Azoxystrobin	12	39	910	63	922	219	881	220
Azoxystrobin/difenoconazole	0	0	17	1	17	6	29	9
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	24	39	1,488	86	1,512	749	440	227
Bupirimate	2	6	188	9	190	45	1,233	420
Cyflufenamid	0	0	1,142	65	1,142	16	938	14
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	22	46	1,323	69	1,345	781	1,255	777
Difenoconazole/fluxapyroxad	0	0	754	48	754	57	178	13
Dimethomorph	1	3	260	21	261	384	184	275
Fenhexamid	24	46	1,954	79	1,978	1,302	1,905	1,338
Fenpropimorph	0	0	9	1	9	4	243	173
Fenpyrazamine	12	39	593	36	605	332	419	240
Fluopyram/trifloxystrobin	0	0	1,766	89	1,766	703	1,714	681
Kresoxim-methyl	0	0	250	21	250	31	232	34
Mepanipyrim	10	26	327	27	337	120	469	182
Myclobutanil	31	39	1,279	73	1,310	75	0	0
Penconazole	22	46	1,263	63	1,286	62	957	48
Potassium hydrogen carbonate	0	0	458	25	458	2,301	434	2,573

Cont…

Table 4 Strawberry fungicide and sulphur formulations – 2020 continued, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Proquinazid	0	0	497	42	497	16	141	5
Pyrimethanil	0	0	787	47	787	577	689	517
Quinoxyfen	0	0	36	3	36	5	756	94
All fungicides	162	48	15,303	100	15,465	7,784	14,012	9,523
Sulphur	0	0	661	37	661	586	549	657
Area grown	31		1,190		1,221		1,175

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 5 Strawberry herbicide and desiccant formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides/desiccants	Non-protected strawberry		Protected strawberry		All strawberry 2020		All strawberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Carfentrazone-ethyl	0	0	252	18	252	3	150	2
Clethodim	0	0	52	4	52	6	0	0
Clopyralid	25	39	26	2	50	5	2	< 0.5
Dimethenamid-P/pendimethalin	0	0	121	10	121	105	0	0
Diquat	0	0	23	2	23	8	625	133
Flazasulfuron	0	0	17	1	17	< 0.5	0	0
Glufosinate-ammonium	0	0	1	< 0.5	1	1	0	0
Glyphosate	13	42	166	8	179	275	33	36
Isoxaben	12	39	217	13	229	17	90	8
Metamitron	12	39	44	4	56	78	68	50
Napropamide	0	0	80	7	80	90	274	216
Pendimethalin	14	46	59	5	73	62	38	28
Propyzamide	12	39	168	14	180	116	161	99
All herbicides/desiccants	89	48	1,225	27	1,314	766	1,443	573
Area grown	31		1,190		1,221		1,175

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 6 Raspberry insecticide and acaricide formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry 2020		All raspberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Abamectin	0	0	27	11	27	< 0.5	184	2
Clofentezine	0	0	21	12	21	4	2	< 0.5
Cyantraniliprole	0	0	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	5	< 0.5
Deltamethrin	0	0	87	33	87	1	76	1
Fatty acids C7-C20	0	0	21	6	21	69	0	0
Lambda-cyhalothrin	3	4	107	37	111	1	30	< 0.5
Pyrethrins	0	0	5	3	5	< 0.5	45	3
Spinosad	0	0	23	5	23	2	11	1
Spirotetramat	0	0	9	5	9	1	0	0
Thiacloprid	3	4	111	47	114	14	197	24
Total insecticides/acaricides	7	4	412	72	418	91	576	34
Area grown	77		169		247		276

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 7 Raspberry biological and physical control formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry 2020		All raspberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Amblyseius andersoni	0	0	19	11	19	N/A	0	N/A
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	19	11	19	N/A	0	N/A
Nematodes (species not recorded)	0	0	9	5	9	N/A	0	N/A
Neoseiulus cucumeris	0	0	33	7	33	N/A	0	N/A
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	37	12	37	N/A	0	N/A
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	3	2	3	N/A	5	N/A
All biological control agents	0		120		120	N/A	7	N/A
Biopesticides
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747	0	0	6	3	6	3	5	2
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713	0	0	79	15	79	6	0	0
Beauveria bassiana ATCC - 74040	0	0	11	3	11	2	2	<0.5
Beauveria bassiana GHA	0	0	14	8	14	2	0	0
All biopesticides	0		110		110	14	9	3
All biologicals(2)	0	0	230	61	230		16	3
Physical control
Unspecified physical control agents(3)	0	0	94	28	94	N/A	0	0
All physical control	0	0	94	28	94	N/A	4	7
Area grown	77		169		247		276

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

(2) All biologicals includes biological control agents and biopesticides. (3) Refer to Appendix 3 for definitions. Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore weight data are not presented. N/A = not applicable

Table 8 Raspberry fungicide formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry 2020		All raspberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Azoxystrobin	10	4	24	9	34	8	136	34
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	7	4	142	65	149	61	148	62
Chlorothalonil	0	0	9	5	9	9	4	5
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	7	4	97	46	104	65	90	55
Dimethomorph	0	0	90	38	90	97	45	66
Fenhexamid	3	4	188	77	191	143	349	228
Fluazinam	0	0	26	5	26	2	0	0
Metalaxyl-M	0	0	1	< 0.5	1	< 0.5	6	2
Myclobutanil	7	4	2	1	9	1	0	0
Pyrimethanil	3	4	93	41	96	39	143	58
Tebuconazole	0	0	15	8	15	2	62	12
All fungicides	36	4	686	99	722	427	1,005	566
Area grown	77		169		247		276

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report₍₃₎

Table 9 Raspberry herbicide and desiccant formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides/desiccants	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry 2020		All raspberry 2018(1)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Carfentrazone-ethyl	<0.5	<0.5	106	49	107	1	107	1
Clethodim	0	0	6	3	6	< 0.5	2	< 0.5
Diquat	0	0	9	5	9	< 0.5	136	32
Flazasulfuron	0	0	1	1	1	< 0.5	0	0
Glyphosate	0	0	6	3	6	7	1	1
Isoxaben	5	6	22	13	27	1	56	5
Pendimethalin	5	6	22	13	27	7	35	16
Propyzamide	3	4	2	1	6	2	9	6
All herbicides/desiccants	13	6	175	50	188	19	391	107
Area grown	77		169		247		276

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report(3)

Table 10 Blackcurrant insecticide, acaricide and physical control formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	All blackcurrant 2020			All blackcurrant 2018(1)
	ha	%	kg	ha	kg
Lambda-cyhalothrin	538	95	4	331	2
Spinosad	143	48	7	0	0
Spirodiclofen	143	48	5	0	0
Spirotetramat	128	43	10	31	2
Thiacloprid	158	53	19	529	63
All insecticides/acaricides	1,110	95	44	896	69
Physical control
Unspecified physical control agents(2)	3	1	N/A	0	0
All physical control	3	1	N/A	0	0
Area grown	299			282

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

(2) Refer to Appendix 3 for definitions

N/A = not applicable

Table 11 Blackcurrant fungicide and sulphur formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	All blackcurrant 2020			All blackcurrant 2018(1)
	ha	%	kg	ha	kg
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	535	95	268	531	261
Bupirimate	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	97	32	60	172	107
Fenhexamid	240	80	144	81	60
Kresoxim-methyl	145	49	15	178	18
Myclobutanil	342	81	26	85	8
Pyrimethanil	97	32	77	85	68
All fungicides	1,457	95	591	1,219	585
Sulphur	742	85	4,465	522	3,353
Area grown	299			282

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 12 Blackcurrant herbicide and desiccant formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides/desiccants	All blackcurrant 2020			All blackcurrant 2018(1)
	ha	%	kg	ha	kg
Carfentrazone-ethyl	99	33	1	2	< 0.5
Clopyralid	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	0	0
Fluazifop-p-butyl	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	0	0
Flufenacet/metribuzin	242	81	98	171	76
Glyphosate	102	34	89	85	30
Isoxaben	< 0.5	< 0.5	< 0.5	4	< 0.5
Pendimethalin	242	81	125	174	99
Propyzamide	2	1	2	85	86
All herbicides/desiccants	687	82	315	698	326
Area grown	299			282

(1) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 13 Other soft fruit insecticide and acaricide formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit 2020(1)		All other soft fruit 2018(2)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Abamectin	0	0	10	3	10	< 0.5	19	< 0.5
Cyantraniliprole	0	0	11	4	11	1	9	< 0.5
Deltamethrin	0	0	2	1	2	< 0.5	0	0
Fatty acids C7-C20	0	0	1	< 0.5	1	6	0	0
Indoxacarb	0	0	5	2	5	< 0.5	9	< 0.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin	25	14	261	58	286	3	90	1
Pyrethrins	0	0	14	5	14	1	197	10
Spinosad	0	0	23	8	23	2	85	8
Thiacloprid	20	13	494	94	514	62	257	30
All insecticides/acaricides	44	14	820	95	865	75	687	53
Area grown	153		273		426		356

(1) In 2020 other soft fruit crops included blueberry, blackberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, honeyberry, jostaberry, loganberry, tayberry, tummelberry

and whitecurrant

(2) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 14 Other soft fruit biological, molluscicide and physical control formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit 2020(1)		All other soft fruit 2018(2)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	3	2	822	50	826	N/A	2	N/A
Neoseiulus cucumeris	0	0	56	9	56	N/A	4	N/A
Parasitic wasps (species not recorded)	0	0	11	4	11	N/A	3	N/A
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	21	4	21	N/A	0	N/A
Steinernema feltiae	0	0	89	26	89	N/A	15	N/A
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	186	23	186	N/A	19	N/A
All biological control agents	3		1,186		1,190	N/A	44	N/A
Biopesticides
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747	0	0	8	3	8	5	0	0
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713	0	0	14	2	14	1	17	2
Beauveria bassiana ATCC - 74040	0	0	15	4	15	3	0	0
All biopesticides	0		36		36	9	17	2
All biologicals(3)	3	2	1,223	74	1,226	9	61	2
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	6	2	6	1	0	0
All molluscicides	0	0	6	2	6	1	50	4

Cont…

Table 14 Other soft fruit biological, molluscicide and physical control formulations – 2020 continued, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Physical control	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit 2020(1)		All other soft fruit 2018(2)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Unspecified physical control agents(4)	11	7	51	13	61	N/A	0	0
Total physical control	11	7	51	13	61	N/A	0	0
Area grown	153		273		426		356

(1) In 2020 other soft fruit crops included blueberry, blackberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, honeyberry, jostaberry, loganberry, tayberry, tummelberry

and whitecurrant

(2) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

(3) All biologicals includes biological control agents and biopesticides

(4) Refer to Appendix 3 for definitions

Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore weight data are not presented

N/A = not applicable

Table 15 Other soft fruit fungicide and sulphur formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit 2020(1)		All other soft fruit 2018(2)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	0	0	128	40	128	46	57	19
Bupirimate	4	2	0	0	4	1	11	3
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	2	2	219	45	221	112	186	94
Dimethomorph	0	0	1	< 0.5	1	2	0	0
Fenhexamid	2	1	250	73	252	189	152	93
Fenpropimorph	5	2	0	0	5	2	64	42
Kresoxim-methyl	< 0.5	< 0.5	0	0	< 0.5	< 0.5	30	3
Myclobutanil	59	13	4	2	63	6	5	< 0.5
Proquinazid	19	13	0	0	19	1	0	0
Pyrimethanil	0	0	114	37	114	73	111	79
Tebuconazole	0	0	4	1	4	1	0	0
All fungicides	91	16	721	77	811	432	675	342
Sulphur	0	0	15	5	15	60	3	2
Area grown	153		273		426		356

(1) In 2020 other soft fruit crops included blueberry, blackberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, honeyberry, jostaberry, loganberry, tayberry, tummelberry

and whitecurrant

(2) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 16 Other soft fruit herbicide and desiccant formulations – 2020, Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides/desiccants	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit 2020(1)		All other soft fruit 2018(2)
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Carfentrazone-ethyl	20	13	0	0	20	< 0.5	23	< 0.5
Clopyralid	5	3	0	0	5	< 0.5	0	0
Diquat	0	0	27	10	27	6	75	27
Fluazifop-p-butyl	5	3	0	0	5	< 0.5	19	4
Flufenacet/metribuzin	20	13	27	10	46	19	30	16
Glyphosate	30	20	0	0	30	25	11	11
Isoxaben	9	6	0	0	9	1	55	7
Napropamide	0	0	27	10	27	35	41	53
Pendimethalin	29	19	2	1	31	16	54	39
Propyzamide	22	14	0	0	22	16	43	32
All herbicides/desiccants	139	26	83	11	221	120	361	192
Area grown	153		273		426		356

(1) In 2020 other soft fruit crops included blueberry, blackberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, honeyberry, jostaberry, loganberry, tayberry, tummelberry

and whitecurrant

(2) For a full list of formulations recorded in 2018 please refer to the 2018 report⁽³⁾

Table 17 Compounds encountered in the soft fruit survey for the first time in 2020

Active substance	Type(1)	Area (ha)	Weight (kg)
Cyflumetofen	I	150	30
Dimethenamid-P	H	121	48
Flazasulfuron	H	19	< 0.5
Aureobasidium pullulans	BP	18	4

(1) Pesticide type = BP: Biopesticides, H: Herbicide and I: Insecticide

Table 18 Mode of action/chemical group of insecticide active substances - 2020, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Chemical Group	IRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
				ha	kg
Sodium channel modulators	Deltamethrin	Pyrethroid	3A	183	2
	Lambda-cyhalothrin	Pyrethroid	3A	1,732	14
	Pyrethrins	Pyrethrin	3A	32	2
All sodium channel modulators				1,946	17
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) competitive modulators	Thiacloprid	Neonicotinoid	4A	1,542	177
All nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) competitive modulators				1,542	177
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) allosteric modulators	Spinosad	Spinosyns	5	617	39
All nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) allosteric modulators				617	39
Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators	Abamectin	Avermectin	6	112	1
All glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators				112	1
Mite growth inhibitors	Clofentezine	Clofentezine	10A	465	76
	Etoxazole	Etoxazole	10B	271	10
All mite growth inhibitors				736	85
Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors	Bifenazate	Bifenazate	20D	787	68

Cont…

Table 18 Mode of action/chemical group of insecticide active substances – 2020 continued, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Chemical Group	IRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
				ha	kg
All mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors				787	68
Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers	Indoxacarb	Oxadiazine	22A	131	7
All voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers				131	7
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Spirodiclofen	Tetronic and tetramic acid derivitives	23	339	20
	Spirotetramat	Tetronic and tetramic acid derivitives	23	1,402	131
All inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase				1,741	151
Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors	Cyflumetofen	Beta-ketonitrile derivative	25A	150	30
All mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors				150	30
Ryanodine receptor modulators	Cyantraniliprole	Diamide	28	30	2
All ryanodine receptor modulators				30	2
Unclassified	Fatty acids C7-C20			149	682
All unclassified				149	682
All insecticides				7,941	1,260
Area grown (1)				2,193

(1) Includes multi-cropping

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) webpage⁽⁶⁾

Table 19 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances - 2020, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Group Name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
					ha	kg
Nucleic acids metabolism	Metalaxyl-M	Phenylamide	Acylalanine	4	1	< 0.5
	Bupirimate	hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines	hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines	8	194	45
All nucleic acid synthesis					195	46
Respiration	Boscalid	SDHI	Pyridine-carboxamides	7	2,324	899
	Fluopyram	SDHI	Pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamides	7	1,766	352
	Fluxapyroxad	SDHI	Pyrazole-4-carboxamides	7	754	34
	Azoxystrobin	Qo inhibitor	Methoxy-acrylates	11	973	231
	Kresoxim-methyl	Qo inhibitor	Oximino-acetates	11	396	46
	Pyraclostrobin	Qo inhibitor	Methoxy-carbamates	11	2,324	226
	Trifloxystrobin	Qo inhibitor	Oximino-acetates	11	1,766	352
	Fluazinam	not available	2,6-dinitro-anilines	29	26	2
All respiration					10,330	2,140
Amino acids and protein synthesis	Cyprodinil	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	1,767	611
	Mepanipyrim	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	337	120
	Pyrimethanil	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	1,094	766
All amino acids and protein synthesis					3,198	1,498
Signal transduction	Fludioxonil	Phenylpyrroles	Phenylpyrroles	12	1,767	407
	Proquinazid	Aza-naphthalenes	Quinazolinone	13	516	18

Cont…

Table 19 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances – 2020 continued, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Group Name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
					ha	kg
	Quinoxyfen	Aza-naphthalenes	Phenylpyrroles	13	36	5
All signal transduction					2,319	430
Sterol biosynthesis in membranes	Difenoconazole	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazoles	3	771	25
	Myclobutanil	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazoles	3	1,724	107
	Penconazole	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazoles	3	1,286	62
	Tebuconazole	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazoles	3	19	3
	Fenpropimorph	Morpholine	Morpholines	5	14	5
	Fenhexamid	KRI fungicides SBI: Class III	Hydroxyanilides	17	2,661	1,779
	Fenpyrazamine	KRI fungicides SBI: Class III	Amino-pyrazolinone	17	605	332
All sterol biosynthesis in membranes					7,080	2,312
Cell wall biosynthesis	Dimethomorph	Carboxylic acid amide	Morpholine/cinamic acid amides	40	352	483
All cell wall biosynthesis					352	483
Chemicals with multi-site activity	Chlorothalonil	Chloronitrile	Chloronitrile	M 05	9	9
All chemicals with multi-site activity					9	9

Cont…

Table 19 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances - 2020, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Group Name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
					ha	kg
Unknown mode of action	Cyflufenamid	Phenyl-acetamide	Phenyl-acetamide	U 06	1,142	16
All unknown mode of action					1,142	16
Not specified	Potassium hydrogen carbonate			NC	458	2,301
All not classified					458	2,301
All fungicides					25,082	9,233
Sulphur	Sulphur				1,418	5,112
Area grown(1)					2,193

(1) Includes multi-cropping

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) webpage⁽⁷⁾

Table 20 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances - 2020, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Chemical Group	HRAC	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
				ha	kg
Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Clethodim	Cyclohexanedione 'DIMS'	1	58	7
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate 'FOPS'	1	5	< 0.5
All inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase				63	7
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS	Flazasulfuron	Sulfonylurea	2	19	< 0.5
All inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS				19	< 0.5
Microtubule assembly inhibition	Pendimethalin	Dinitroaniline	3	491	266
	Propyzamide	Benzamide	3	210	135
All microtubule assembly inhibition				701	401
Auxin Mimics	Clopyralid	Pyridine carboxylates	4	55	5
All auxin mimics				55	5
Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	Metamitron	Triazinone	5	56	78
	Metribuzin	Triazinone	5	288	50
All inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II				344	128
Inhibition of EPSP synthase	Glyphosate	Glycine	9	317	397
All inhibition of EPSP synthase				317	397
Inhibition of glutamine synthetase	Glufosinate-Ammonium	Phosphinic acid	10	1	1
All inhibition of glutamine synthetase				1	1

Cont…

Table 20 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances – 2020 continued, Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Chemical Group	HRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit	Total Soft Fruit
				ha	kg
Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase	Carfentrazone-Ethyl	Triazolinone	14	477	5
All inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase				477	5
Inhibition of VLCFAs	Dimethenamid-P	Chloroacetamide	15	121	48
	Flufenacet	Oxyacetamide	15	288	68
All inhibition of VLCFAs				409	116
Photosystem-I-electron diversion	Diquat	Bibyridylium	22	59	14
All photosystem-I-electron diversion				59	14
Inhibition of cellulose synthesis	Isoxaben	Benzamide	29	263	19
All inhibition of cellulose synthesis				263	19
Unclassified	Napropamide	Acetamide	0	107	125
All unclassified				107	125
All herbicides				2,815	1,220
Area grown(1)				2,193

(1) Includes multi-cropping

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification and the 2020 review and HRAC/WSSA code changes can be found on the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) webpage⁽⁸⁾

Table 21 Principal active substances by area treated, Area treated (ha) of the 20 most used active substances on all soft fruit crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type(1)	2020	2018	% change
1	Fenhexamid	F	2,661	2,487	7
2	Pyraclostrobin	F	2,324	1,176	98
3	Boscalid	F	2,324	1,176	98
4	Fludioxonil	F	1,767	1,703	4
5	Cyprodinil	F	1,767	1,703	4
6	Trifloxystrobin	F	1,766	1,714	3
7	Fluopyram	F	1,766	1,714	3
8	Lambda-cyhalothrin	I	1,732	1,216	42
9	Myclobutanil	F	1,724	90	1,820
10	Thiacloprid	I	1,542	1,807	-15
11	Sulphur	SU	1,418	1,085	31
12	Spirotetramat	I	1,402	180	680
13	Penconazole	F	1,286	957	34
14	Cyflufenamid	F	1,142	938	22
15	Pyrimethanil	F	1,094	1,028	6
16	Azoxystrobin	F	973	1,056	-8
17	Neoseiulus cucumeris	B	970	75	1,188
18	Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	B	859	11	7,737
19	Bifenazate	I	787	310	154
20	Difenoconazole	F	771	206	274

Table 22 Principal active substances by weight, Weight (kg) of the 20 most used active substances on all soft fruit crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type(1)	2020	2018	% change
1	Sulphur	SU	5,112	4,058	26
2	Potassium hydrogen carbonate	F	2,301	2,604	-12
3	Fenhexamid	F	1,779	1,719	3
4	Boscalid	F	899	455	97
5	Pyrimethanil	F	766	723	6
6	Fatty acids C7-C20	I	682	230	196
7	Cyprodinil	F	611	621	-1
8	Dimethomorph	F	483	342	41
9	Fludioxonil	F	407	414	-1
10	Glyphosate	H	397	81	388
11	Trifloxystrobin	F	352	341	3
12	Fluopyram	F	352	341	3
13	Fenpyrazamine	F	332	240	38
14	Pendimethalin	H	266	181	47
15	Azoxystrobin	F	231	262	-12
16	Pyraclostrobin	F	226	114	97
17	Thiacloprid	I	177	216	-18
18	Propyzamide	H	135	224	-40
19	Spirotetramat	I	131	17	674
20	Napropamide	H	125	303	-59

(1) Pesticide type = B: Biological, F: Fungicide, H: Herbicide, I: Insecticide/ acaricide, SU: Sulphur

Table 23 Total soft fruit crop, comparison with previous years, Pesticide usage in 2016, 2018 and 2020, area treated with formulations and active substances (a.s.) and the weight (kg) applied, 2016 2018 2020

	Formulations	a.s.	Weight	Formulations	a.s.	Weight	Formulations	a.s.	Weight
	ha	ha	kg	ha	ha	kg	ha	ha	kg
Insecticides/acaracides	5,741	5,741	461	5,973	5,973	645	7,941	7,896	1,260
Molluscicides	293	293	68	823	823	150	712	712	115
Fungicides	13,788	16,940	7,055	16,911	22,291	11,017	18,454	25,098	9,233
Sulphur	781	781	3,687	1,085	1,085	4,058	1,418	1,418	5,112
Herbicides/desiccants	3,958	4,163	1,837	2,894	3,098	1,199	2,411	2,819	1,220
Biological control agents (1)	622	622	N/A	1,129	1,129	N/A	3,463	3,463	N/A
Biopesticides	852	852	70	2,921	2,921	198	1,211	1,211	235
Physical control	6	24	47	50	50	97	339	339	N/A
All pesticides	26,041	29,416	13,225	31,786	37,371	17,363	35,948	42,956	17,175
Area of all soft fruit crops (ha)(2)	1,876			2,088			2,193

(1) Invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore weight data are not presented

(2) Area grown includes multi-cropping

N/A = not applicable