Draft Environment Strategy: strategic environmental assessment

Appendix B: Assessment findings

B.1 The following paragraphs provide a brief summary of the main assessment findings of the Draft Environment Strategy by outcome and SEA topic and includes the findings of the assessment of the reasonable alternative.

Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated

B.2 Existing actions:

• 2022 Global Biodiversity Framework - sets out internationally-agreed targets for halting and reversing nature loss.
• Strategic Framework for Biodiversity in Scotland, which includes:
  • Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045
  • Delivery Plans
  • Statutory nature restoration targets

B.3 Future actions:

• None

Table 8.2: Assessment findings for Outcome 1

SEA objectives: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 1 include the Strategic Framework for Biodiversity in Scotland which aims to achieve a reversal in biodiversity loss and includes the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy (SBS) and the Scottish Biodiversity Delivery Plan 2024–2030. The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy aims to restore and regenerate biodiversity by 2045, ensure that Scotland is Nature Positive by 2030 and outlines statutory nature restoration targets. This provides a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA objectives: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 1 include the Strategic Framework for Biodiversity in Scotland which aims to achieve a reversal in biodiversity loss and includes the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy (SBS) and the Scottish Biodiversity Delivery Plan 2024–2030. Restoring and regenerating Scotland's biodiversity through the SBS enhances health and wellbeing by providing clean air and water, mitigating climate risks, and supporting sustainable food sources. Access to nature-rich areas improves mental health, reduces stress, and promotes physical activity, while sustainable management of nature creates green jobs and supports thriving communities. By fostering a connection to nature, the strategy encourages collective responsibility and enriches overall wellbeing. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Current policy requirements outlined in Outcome 1 to restore Scotland’s biodiversity, such as those outlined in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing natural carbon sinks like peatlands, woodlands, and marine habitats. Healthy ecosystems capture and store carbon while sustainable land management minimises emissions from soil degradation and agriculture. This integrated approach supports emission reduction and climate resilience. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Restoring Scotland’s biodiversity enhances climate adaptation and resilience by strengthening ecosystems that act as natural buffers against climate impacts. Healthy peatlands, forests, and coastal habitats reduce flooding, prevent erosion, and protect biodiversity, while nature-based solutions like woodland planting support ecosystem stability. These efforts outlined in Outcome 1 help Scotland adapt to climate challenges, benefiting both communities and the environment. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Current policy requirements to restore Scotland’s biodiversity, such as those outlined in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy, improve air quality by enhancing natural processes that reduce pollutants. Woodlands and urban green spaces absorb harmful gases like nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, while also sequestering carbon. Restored peatlands and wetlands also prevent the release of stored carbon and filter pollutants. Current actions outlined in Outcome 1 therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Current policy requirements outlined in Outcome 1 to restore Scotland’s biodiversity, such as those outlined in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy helps conserve and enhance Scotland’s soil resources and geological sites by restoring ecosystems and promoting sustainable land management. Actions like afforestation and peatland restoration stabilise soils, prevent erosion, and improve carbon and nutrient storage, while nature-friendly farming enhances soil health through reduced chemical use and increased vegetation cover. These measures also protect geological sites by minimising physical degradation and pollution, ensuring the resilience of Scotland’s soils and geological heritage for future generations. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Current policy requirements outlined in Outcome 1 to restore Scotland’s biodiversity, such as those outlined in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy helps to enhance water quality, preserve groundwater, and reduce flood risks. Healthy wetlands, peatlands, and riparian woodlands improve water retention, filtration, and flow management. Peatland and wetland restoration purifies water and prevents pollution, while reforestation stabilises soils and reduces sediment runoff. Nature-based solutions, such as floodplain restoration, help absorb excess rainfall, protecting communities from flooding. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Restoring and regenerating Scotland’s biodiversity through the Scottish Government’s Strategic Framework helps to enhance the character and quality of the nation’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes by integrating nature recovery into policy and practice. The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy’s goals for 2030 and 2045 drive large-scale habitat restoration, ecological connectivity, and sustainable land and marine management, ensuring resilient and visually rich environments. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan’s 130+ actions support Nature Networks, green and blue urban spaces, and statutory restoration targets, embedding biodiversity into planning, agriculture, and industry. These efforts not only enhance Scotland’s natural beauty but also strengthen climate resilience and cultural heritage. This provides an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Restoring and regenerating Scotland’s biodiversity helps to enhance the character, quality, and resilience of settlements and historic environments by integrating nature into urban and heritage landscapes. The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy and Delivery Plan promote green infrastructure, nature-based solutions, and ecological connectivity, enriching historic sites and urban spaces while reinforcing cultural identity. By embedding biodiversity into planning and conservation policies, the strategy reduces environmental degradation, and supports climate resilience, ensuring Scotland’s built heritage and settlements remain sustainable, visually enriched, and connected to their natural and cultural legacy. The current policy actions outlined in Outcome 1 therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: Restoring and regenerating Scotland’s biodiversity supports the efficient use of natural resources and energy by promoting sustainable land, water, and marine management. The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy and Delivery Plan encourage nature-based solutions, such as peatland and woodland restoration, which enhance carbon sequestration, water retention, and soil health, reducing reliance on artificial inputs. By integrating biodiversity into agriculture, forestry, and urban planning, the strategy supports a circular economy, minimises waste, and lowers energy demand through green and blue infrastructure. These efforts ensure long-term environmental and economic sustainability while enhancing Scotland’s resilience to climate change. The current policy actions outlined in Outcome 1 therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1.

SEA Objectives: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to restore and regenerate Scotland’s biodiversity

SEA findings for Outcome 1: Scotland’s biodiversity is restored and regenerated: No new future actions are outlined in Outcome 1, therefore the reasonable alternative does not apply.

Mitigation and enhancement

B.4 The Environment Strategy should include new actions which help to accelerate biodiversity restoration.

B.5 The Environment Strategy should include proposals on how to bring about change in the shorter term, identifying the resources required to achieve change at a faster rate. This is particularly relevant to those actions dependent on behavioural change such as sustainable farming, fishing and forestry, sustainable consumption choices, pollution reduction and sustainable travel.

Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change

B.6 Current actions:

• The Scottish Government has a commitment to achieve a just transition to net zero emissions by 2045.
• In April 2024, the Scottish Government announced a stepping up in climate action with a range of new policies focussed on key sectors, which they will deliver with partners. As well as pushing forward with the 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030.
• To drive progress towards their statutory 2045 net zero target, the Scottish Government has set in legislation a new target approach based on five-yearly carbon budgets, accompanied by annual reporting.
• The most recent Climate Change Plan update was published in 2020, and outlined over 200 policies across eight sectors: electricity, buildings, transport, industry, waste and the circular economy, land use, land use change and forestry, agriculture and negative emissions technologies.
• The Scottish Government will continue to report annually on progress in reducing emissions, and delivering wider outcomes like peatland restoration, through the Climate Change Plan Monitoring Framework.
• The Scottish Government’s Climate Change Plan is part of a wider framework for climate action. The 2024 Green Industrial Strategy and forthcoming consultations on Just Transition Plans will help them to ensure Scotland maximises the economic opportunities from the just transition to net zero. This is complemented by a wide range of cross-government strategies and plans to drive progress in specific sectors, from heat in buildings to sustainable transport - key examples are described in the pathways for the ‘economy’ and ‘society’ outcomes. The Scottish Government is also supporting community-led and place-based climate action through the network of Community Action Climate Hubs and Carbon Neutral Islands, supported by their Public Engagement Strategy. Their third National Adaptation Plan sets out essential actions for building Scotland’s climate resilience, recognising that the Scottish Government are already experiencing the impacts of climate change and these are set to increase. Lastly, the Scottish Government is working internationally to drive progress on climate justice through their commitment to Loss and Damage funding. This framework of action is supported by substantial public investment, including spending commitments of £4.9 billion in the 2025-26 Budget for actions that help to tackle the climate emergency.
• The Scottish Government has pledged £250 million to restore damaged peatlands.
• The Scottish Government is committed to taking a joined up approach to reaching net zero while also achieving the Biodiversity Strategy’s vision of restoring and regenerating Scotland’s biodiversity.
• Scotland’s carbon footprint is a National Indicator in the Scottish Government’s National Performance Framework, with progress reported annually.
• The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map sets out actions to 2030 for driving Scotland’s transition to a circular economy, supported by the Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024.

B.7 Future actions:

• The Scottish Government will introduce an integrated public transport ticketing system and deliver a significant increase in electric vehicle charging points. The Scottish Government will also consider options for a Carbon Land Tax to support reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from land, and they will pilot ways to reduce emissions from livestock through the use of special feedstuffs.
• Carbon budgets will be set by the Scottish Government through secondary legislation, using the latest advice from the CCC, and policies and proposals for meeting these budgets will be set out in statutory Climate Change Plans.
• The Scottish Government will shortly consult on a Draft version of the next Climate Change Plan, covering the period of 2026 – 2040, with the aim of finalising the Plan before the end of the current Parliamentary session.
• The Scottish Government will publish the forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy.
• The Scottish Government’s forthcoming Product Stewardship Plan will set a framework for identifying priority products where producers will be expected to take responsibility for addressing environmental impacts, including products’ carbon footprints. This will recognise the need for fairness in addressing impacts along supply chains and that roles and actions will vary from one product to another.

Table 8.3: Assessment findings for Outcome 2

SEA objectives: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: Both the Scottish Government’s current and future policy actions to end its contribution to climate change outlined in Outcome 2 are closely linked to the protection, maintenance, and enhancement of Scotland’s designated sites, habitats, and protected species. Current measures, such as the £250 million investment in peatland restoration, not only help to reduce emissions but also restore vital carbon sinks and habitats for unique species. Similarly, initiatives like the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map promote sustainable resource use, reducing environmental pressures on ecosystems, while community-led programmes such as Carbon Neutral Islands foster local stewardship of biodiversity. Regular reporting and monitoring through the Climate Change Plan helps to ensure accountability in delivering these outcomes.

Current policy stepping up climate action, including a 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, annual reporting on emissions reduction and including carbon footprint as a National Indicator in the Performance Framework will have positive short to medium term effects. Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 build on these efforts, focusing on integrating biodiversity goals with climate mitigation and adaptation. The proposed carbon tax on agricultural estates aims to drive restorative practices such as peatland rehabilitation and tree planting, directly benefiting degraded habitats. Upcoming strategies, including the Circular Economy Strategy and Product Stewardship Plan, will further reduce pressures on ecosystems by encouraging sustainable practices across industries. Additionally, innovations like emissions-reducing livestock feed and the next Climate Change Plan (2026-2040) will likely promote nature-based solutions, ensuring ecosystems and species are resilient to climate change impacts. Together, these actions create a framework for systemic change, safeguarding and enhancing Scotland’s natural heritage.

The future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion will bring indirect positive effects in the medium to short term from improved air quality and associated reduced adverse effects on habitats and species. However, overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 will help to enhance the health and wellbeing of Scotland’s people by improving environmental quality, supporting active lifestyles, and building community resilience. Current actions, such as the 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, encourage active travel, reduce air pollution, and promote improved physical and mental health. Initiatives like peatland restoration and the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map help to improve air and water quality while mitigating flooding risks, protecting communities from climate-related health impacts. Community-led programmes, such as Climate Action Hubs, empower local populations, fostering a sense of purpose and strengthening mental wellbeing.

Current policy stepping up climate action, including a 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, annual reporting on emissions reduction and including carbon footprint as a National Indicator in the Performance Framework have positive short to medium term effects. However, overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Future actions outlined in Outcome 2 build on these foundations, helping to amplify public health benefits. The proposed integrated public transport system and expansion of electric vehicle charging points will reduce emissions, improve air quality, and make sustainable travel more affordable and accessible. Measures like the carbon tax on agricultural estates will incentivise sustainable practices that protect communities from extreme weather and secure food systems. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) and Circular Economy Strategy will likely integrate urban green spaces and nature-based solutions, promoting mental health benefits, reducing stress, and enhancing overall wellbeing.

The future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion will bring positive effects in the medium to short term. However, overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an additional indirect positive effect to the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future policies outlined in Outcome 2 are designed to minimise greenhouse gas emissions from natural and man-made sources through targeted interventions and systemic changes. Current actions, such as the five-yearly carbon budgets and the 2020 Climate Change Plan Update, address emissions across key sectors, including transport, electricity, and waste. The £250 million peatland restoration programme reduces emissions from degraded peatlands while enhancing carbon sequestration, and the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map cuts emissions by promoting sustainable resource use and reducing waste.

Current policy outlined in Outcome 2 including stepping up climate action, including 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, annual reporting on emissions reduction and including carbon footprint as a National Indicator in the Performance Framework have positive short to medium term effects. However, overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Future actions build on these efforts with measures like the proposed carbon tax on large agricultural estates, which will incentivise sustainable practices such as tree planting and peatland restoration, and pilots to reduce methane emissions from livestock. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) and Circular Economy Strategy will drive further emissions reductions such as through resource efficiency and low-carbon practices. Infrastructure projects, including an integrated public transport system and expanded EV charging networks, will accelerate the transition to cleaner transport.

The future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion will bring positive effects in the medium to short term. However, overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide additional direct positive effects to the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future policies outlined in Outcome 2 are key to supporting climate adaptation and resilience by addressing immediate impacts and preparing for future challenges. Current actions, such as the third National Adaptation Plan, focus on mitigating climate risks through measures like the £250 million peatland restoration programme, which reduces flooding and protects biodiversity. Community-led initiatives, including Climate Action Hubs, empower local responses, while the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map strengthens resilience in supply chains and resource use.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 2 build on these efforts, including by integrating adaptation into broader strategies. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) is likely to enhance climate change adaptation in Scotland and will be supported by a proposed carbon tax on agricultural estates. The forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy will further enhance resource security and resilience.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an additional indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 help to improve air quality by reducing harmful atmospheric pollutants and emissions. Current measures, such as the 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, promote active travel and decrease reliance on fossil fuel-powered vehicles, lowering nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions and the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map reduces waste-related emissions.

Overall the current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term. Though the policy of stepping up climate action, including a 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, annual reporting on emissions reduction and including carbon footprint as a National Indicator in the Performance Framework will likely have positive short to medium term effects on improving air quality.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 build on these efforts by prioritising low-emission technologies and sustainable practices. The proposed integrated public transport system and expanded EV charging networks will reduce transport emissions and livestock emissions reduction pilots and the forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy will further cut pollutants from agriculture and industry.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term. Though the future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion may bring positive effects in the medium to short term.

SEA objectives: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 help to conserve and enhance Scotland’s soil resources and geological sites. Current actions, such as the £250 million peatland restoration programme, protect and restore degraded soils, improve carbon storage, prevent erosion, and safeguard unique geological features. Sustainable land-use practices outlined in the Climate Change Plan Update and waste reduction efforts under the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map further protect soils from depletion and contamination.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 will help strengthen these efforts through measures like the proposed carbon tax on large agricultural estates, which incentivises practices such as afforestation and peatland restoration to improve soil stability and carbon storage. Pilots to reduce livestock emissions will minimise nitrogen pollution. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) will also likely include measures which aid in the long-term protection of soil and geological sites such as promoting peatland restoration and sustainable farming practices.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 help to maintain water quality, enhance groundwater resources, and reduce flood risks. Current actions, such as the £250 million peatland restoration programme, improve water retention, regulate flow, and filter pollutants, safeguarding rivers, lochs, and groundwater. The Climate Change Plan Update supports sustainable land use to prevent water contamination, while the third Scottish National Adaptation Plan focuses on building resilience to extreme rainfall and flooding through tailored, community-led strategies.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 help to strengthen these efforts. The proposed carbon tax on agricultural estates will encourage practices like tree planting and wetland restoration, enhancing water retention and reducing surface runoff. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) will likely include measures which help mitigate flooding and improve water quality and quantity, while the Circular Economy Strategy will help minimise pollution from industrial and waste sources.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 help to conserve and enhance Scotland’s settlements, historic environment, and cultural heritage by addressing climate risks and promoting sustainable practices. Current actions, such as the third Scottish National Adaptation Plan, focus on protecting historic sites from flooding and extreme weather. Community-led initiatives, like Climate Action Hubs, and efforts to reduce car travel enhance the liveability of towns and cities while protecting historic buildings from pollution damage.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future policies outlined in Outcome 2 build on these efforts. Measures in the next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) are likely to help mitigate harm to Scotland’s historic environment including actions which mitigate climate change and improve resilience. Projects like the integrated public transport system will improve air quality, reducing the degradation of cultural landmarks. The Circular Economy Strategy may also include actions which protect and enhance Scotland’s historic environment such as by promoting sustainable building practices and materials reuse, further aiding conservation efforts.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term. Though the future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion will bring positive effects in the medium to short term.

SEA objectives: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined in Outcome 2 help to conserve and enhance Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes. Current actions, such as the £250 million peatland restoration programme, protect and restore peatland landscapes, while the Climate Change Plan Update promotes sustainable urban planning to enhance the character of townscapes. Community-led initiatives, like Climate Action Hubs, empower local stewardship, and the 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030 improves visual and environmental quality by reducing congestion.

Current policy including stepping up climate action, including 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030 and annual reporting on emissions reduction have positive short to medium term effects. However, overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 will build on these efforts through measures like the proposed carbon tax on agricultural estates, which will incentivise tree planting and wetland restoration, improving rural and coastal landscapes. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) and the forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy may also include measures which protect and enhance Scotland’s landscapes, such as those which encourage sustainable building practices.

Overall these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: The Scottish Government’s current and future climate policies outlined on Outcome 2 promote the efficient use of natural resources and energy by encouraging sustainability and reducing waste. Current actions, such as the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map, minimise resource waste through recycling, reuse, and responsible production practices, conserving raw materials and reducing environmental impacts. The Climate Change Plan Update supports sustainable land use and energy-efficient travel, including the 20% reduction in car kilometres by 2030, which cuts fuel consumption and promotes greener transport options.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 2 may strengthen these efforts. The next Climate Change Plan (2026–2040) and forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy may further embed resource and energy efficiency across sectors. Investments in infrastructure, such as the integrated public transport system and expanded EV charging networks, will enhance energy-efficient transportation. The proposed carbon tax on agricultural estates will incentivise sustainable practices like tree planting and peatland restoration, improving land productivity and resource use.

The future policy of integrated public transport ticketing and EV charging expansion will bring positive effects in the medium to short term. However, overall, these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 2 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to end Scotland’s contribution to climate change

SEA findings for Outcome 2: We have ended Scotland’s contribution to climate change: Enhancing and accelerating Scotland’s future policy actions within the Environment Strategy would significantly advance climate action and therefore help to deliver positive effects in the short term across the majority of SEA objectives.

A faster rollout of the future policy actions of Outcome 2 including integrated public transport ticketing system and expanded EV charging infrastructure would reduce emissions and improve air quality (SEA objective 4), benefiting public health and wellbeing (SEA objective 2). Strengthening the Carbon Land Tax could incentivise peatland restoration, reforestation, and regenerative agriculture, enhancing biodiversity (SEA objective 1), soil conservation (SEA objective 5), and flood resilience (SEA objective 6).

Bringing forward the Climate Change Plan (2026-2040) consultation and carbon budgeting legislation would accelerate emissions reductions across sectors, minimising greenhouse gas emissions (Objective 3a) while ensuring Scotland’s built and natural environments adapt to climate change (SEA objective 3b). Scaling up livestock emissions reduction pilots could complement land-based mitigation efforts, further supporting Scotland’s climate resilience.

A more ambitious Circular Economy Strategy and Product Stewardship Plan would drive sustainable resource use (SEA objective 9), reducing waste and industrial pollution that threaten water quality (SEA objective 6) and Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and cultural heritage (SEA objectives 7 and 8). Prioritising sustainability in urban and rural development would enhance historic sites while fostering a low-carbon economy.

Mitigation and enhancement

B.8 The Environment Strategy should give more detail on the improvements of new strategy outlined in Outcome 2, including the next Climate Change Plan, forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy and forthcoming Product Stewardship Plan.

B.9 The Environment Strategy could include policy which further accelerates offshore wind, solar, and energy storage deployment while phasing out fossil fuel heating.

B.10 The Environment Strategy could increase public transport investment, expand EV infrastructure, and introduce measures to reduce reliance on short-haul flights.

B.11 The Environment Strategy could strengthen incentives for rewilding, regenerative farming, and peatland protection.

Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment

B.12 Current actions:

• The Scottish Government is committed to supporting international efforts to tackle pollution and protecting Scotland’s people and environment from its impacts.
• The Scottish Government’s air quality strategy - Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 – sets out how they will continue to improve air quality. Actions include, among others, establishing Low Emission Zones in Scotland’s four largest cities, strengthening good agricultural practice guidance and developing a public engagement framework.
• Scotland’s third River Basin Management Plan sets out a range of actions to protect and improve Scotland’s water environment, with the aim of ensuring that 81% of water bodies are classified as in ‘good’ or better overall condition by 2027.
• The Scottish Government has already taken action in a range of areas, including banning the manufacture and supply of certain single-use plastic items and introducing a charge for single-use carrier bags.
• The Scottish Government’s action to tackle plastic pollution is also supported by their National Litter and Flytipping Strategy, Marine Litter Strategy and their work with the UK government to ban exports of plastic waste. In 2021, the Scottish Government supported the development of the world’s first standard to tackle plastic pellet pollution, and is continuing to work internationally to explore how this standard could be developed to prevent plastic loss globally.
• The Scottish Government’s new Circular Economy and Waste Route Map includes additional actions up to 2030 to encourage more sustainable consumption and production of plastics, including the development of a Product Stewardship Plan.
• The Scottish Government will continue to work with the Welsh and UK Governments to identify and control priority chemical issues at source through their existing shared legislative framework.

B.13 Future actions:

• Building on Cleaner Air for Scotland 2, the Scottish Government will set a long term framework for air quality in Scotland, taking account of updated World Health Organisation guidelines.
• To support the development of a fourth River Basin Management Plan, SEPA will publish for consultation a report setting out the significant issues that affect the quality of Scotland’s water environment by the end of 2025.
• From 2025, the Scottish Government are introducing extended producer responsibility for packaging (alongside other UK governments) and banning the sale and supply of single-use vapes. The Scottish Government are committed to introducing a deposit return scheme by October 2027.
• The Scottish Government will aim to ensure that decisions on chemicals regulation align as closely as possible with those of the EU.

Table 8.4: Assessment findings for Outcome 3

SEA objectives: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help protect, maintain, and enhance designated sites, habitats, and protected species by helping to reduce environmental contamination and promote ecosystem resilience. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy improves air quality by cutting emissions from transport and agriculture, limiting pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and ammonia, which can harm sensitive habitats like peatlands and woodlands. The River Basin Management Plan protects water bodies from pollution, ensuring cleaner rivers, lochs, and wetlands, which support biodiversity and provide essential habitats for protected species. Efforts to reduce plastic pollution through bans on single-use plastics and strategies targeting litter and marine waste prevent harmful debris from accumulating in ecosystems, protecting wildlife from ingestion and entanglement. Additionally, Scotland’s collaboration with the UK and Welsh Governments on chemical regulation ensures that harmful substances are controlled at source, preventing toxic contamination of land and water that could threaten fragile habitats and species.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will build on these efforts, further enhancing environmental protection. The long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, will strengthen efforts to reduce air pollution, benefiting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The continued development of the River Basin Management Plan will ensure a strategic approach to tackling water pollution, safeguarding habitats for protected species. The introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging, a deposit return scheme, and a ban on single-use vapes will reduce plastic waste, limiting its impact on marine and terrestrial environments. Finally, maintaining close alignment with EU chemical regulations will help prevent hazardous substances from entering ecosystems, ensuring that Scotland’s designated sites, habitats, and species remain protected against pollution and environmental degradation. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies on minimising pollution and waste outlined in Outcome 3 improve public health and wellbeing by enhancing air and water quality, reducing exposure to harmful substances, and creating cleaner environments. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy reduces emissions from transport and agriculture, limiting pollutants that contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The River Basin Management Plan ensures cleaner water sources, lowering the risk of waterborne illnesses and improving access to safe drinking water. Measures to tackle plastic pollution, including bans on single-use plastics and strategies to prevent littering, help reduce environmental contamination, preventing harm to both wildlife and human health. Additionally, collaboration on chemical regulation ensures hazardous substances are controlled at source, reducing the risk of exposure to toxic pollutants that can affect long-term health. Cleaner public spaces, improved air quality, and reduced pollution contribute to better mental wellbeing by encouraging outdoor activities and fostering healthier communities.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will strengthen these benefits by further reducing pollution and promoting sustainable resource management. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, will continue to lower pollution levels, reducing respiratory illnesses and improving overall public health. The development of the fourth River Basin Management Plan will identify and address emerging water quality issues, ensuring the continued availability of clean water. Extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will further reduce plastic waste, preventing environmental contamination and associated health risks. Additionally, maintaining alignment with EU chemical regulations will help prevent exposure to hazardous substances, safeguarding public health. By integrating these measures, Scotland’s policies will create a healthier environment, supporting the long-term wellbeing of its people. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from both natural and man-made sources by improving air and water quality, cutting plastic waste, and regulating harmful chemicals. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy reduces emissions from transport and agriculture by establishing Low Emission Zones and promoting sustainable farming practices, which lower levels of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. The River Basin Management Plan enhances water quality and restores natural ecosystems, such as wetlands, which act as carbon sinks, helping to absorb and store emissions. Efforts to reduce plastic waste, including bans on single-use plastics and strategies to tackle littering, limit emissions from plastic production, transportation, and decomposition in landfills, where plastics release methane and other greenhouse gases. Additionally, Scotland’s collaboration on chemical regulation ensures industries limit their release of high-emission pollutants, contributing to overall emissions reductions.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will further cut greenhouse gas emissions by strengthening regulations and promoting sustainable resource use. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, will likely drive further reductions in transport and industrial emissions. The development of a fourth River Basin Management Plan will also likely help identify and mitigate emerging water quality challenges, ensuring that natural carbon sinks such as rivers and wetlands continue to function effectively. Extended producer responsibility for packaging, the ban on single-use vapes, and the introduction of a deposit return scheme will reduce plastic waste, lowering emissions associated with plastic production and disposal. Additionally, aligning chemical regulations with EU standards will help limit emissions from industrial activities, ensuring Scotland continues to cut its carbon footprint. Through these measures, Scotland’s policies will contribute to climate change mitigation while promoting a cleaner and more sustainable environment. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste support climate change adaptation by improving environmental resilience and reducing pressures on ecosystems. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy enhances air quality by cutting emissions from transport and agriculture, reducing the risk of climate-related health impacts such as respiratory diseases and heat stress in urban areas. The River Basin Management Plan strengthens water quality and availability, ensuring that ecosystems and communities can better withstand extreme weather events such as droughts and floods. Efforts to tackle plastic pollution through bans and waste management strategies reduce environmental contamination, protecting marine and freshwater habitats that are essential for biodiversity and climate resilience. Additionally, regulating priority chemicals helps prevent ecosystem degradation, supporting the ability of natural environments to adapt to climate changes.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will build on these efforts by further integrating climate adaptation into environmental management. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, will likely help reduce pollutants that contribute to climate-related health risks, ensuring cleaner and healthier urban environments. The development of the fourth River Basin Management Plan will also likely address emerging water quality challenges, improving Scotland’s ability to manage climate-driven changes in water availability. Measures such as extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will further reduce waste, limiting environmental stress on ecosystems that are already vulnerable to climate change. Additionally, aligning chemical regulations with EU standards will strengthen protections against hazardous substances, safeguarding biodiversity and supporting ecosystems’ ability to adapt to shifting climatic conditions. Through these measures, Scotland’s policies will enhance resilience and ensure communities and natural habitats can better cope with the impacts of climate change. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste contribute to improving air quality by reducing harmful atmospheric pollutants and preventing their emission at source. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy addresses key pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ammonia by establishing Low Emission Zones in major cities, encouraging sustainable agricultural practices, and promoting public engagement on air quality. The River Basin Management Plan helps protect water environments, reducing the release of pollutants that can contribute to poor air quality, such as agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Measures to tackle plastic pollution, including bans on single-use plastics and efforts to prevent littering, also play a role in air quality improvement by reducing waste incineration and emissions from plastic degradation. Furthermore, Scotland’s collaboration on chemical regulation with the UK and Welsh Governments may help to limit the release of hazardous airborne pollutants.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will further enhance air quality by strengthening regulations and reducing emissions at the source. For example, a long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may introduce stricter measures to lower pollution levels, particularly in urban areas. The development of a fourth River Basin Management Plan may also address emerging water quality challenges, preventing pollution that could contribute to airborne contaminants. Extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will reduce plastic waste, limiting emissions from plastic production, transport, and disposal. Additionally, ensuring closer alignment with EU chemical regulations may strengthen industrial emission controls, which may prevent the release of toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help conserve and enhance soil resources and geological sites by reducing contamination, improving waste management, and promoting sustainable land use. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy limits emissions from transport and agriculture, reducing the deposition of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and ammonia, which can degrade soil quality. The River Basin Management Plan prevents water pollution, reducing the risk of contaminated runoff affecting soils and geological features. Actions to tackle plastic pollution, including bans on single-use plastics and efforts to control litter and fly-tipping, help prevent soil contamination from microplastics and hazardous waste. Additionally, Scotland’s collaboration on chemical regulation ensures harmful substances are controlled at source, reducing the risk of soil degradation caused by industrial pollutants and agricultural chemicals.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will further strengthen soil conservation by enhancing pollution control and promoting sustainable resource use. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may reduce atmospheric pollutants that can lead to soil acidification and nutrient imbalances. The development of a fourth River Basin Management Plan may also identify and address emerging threats to soil and water quality, ensuring that land remains productive and resilient. The introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will reduce plastic waste, limiting its accumulation in soils and preventing degradation caused by persistent pollutants. Aligning chemical regulations more closely with EU standards will also help protect Scotland’s soil resources, likely helping to ensure stricter controls on hazardous substances, safeguard geological sites and support long-term soil health. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help preserve and enhance the quality and quantity of waterbodies and groundwater while reducing the risk and effects of flooding. The River Basin Management Plan plays a key role in maintaining water quality by tackling pollution from agriculture, industry, and urban runoff, ensuring that 81% of water bodies reach ‘good’ or better status by 2027. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy supports this by reducing air pollution, which can contribute to acid rain and water contamination. Measures to combat plastic waste, such as bans on single-use plastics and strategies targeting litter and marine pollution, prevent harmful debris from entering water systems, protecting aquatic habitats and reducing blockages that can worsen flooding. Additionally, Scotland’s collaboration on chemical regulation helps control hazardous substances at source, preventing groundwater contamination and ensuring long-term water security.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will likely strengthen these efforts by further improving water management and flood resilience. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may help reduce atmospheric pollutants that contribute to water pollution, safeguarding both surface and groundwater quality. The fourth River Basin Management Plan will likely build on previous progress by identifying emerging threats and implementing strategies to enhance water resource management. Extended producer responsibility for packaging, the ban on single-use vapes, and the deposit return scheme will further reduce plastic waste, preventing waterway blockages and pollution that can exacerbate flooding. Closer alignment with EU chemical regulations may ensure stricter controls on pollutants, reducing the risk of groundwater contamination. Through these measures, Scotland’s policies will enhance water quality, improve flood resilience, and ensure sustainable water resources for the future. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help conserve and enhance the character and built quality of settlements, as well as the nation’s historic environment and cultural heritage, by reducing environmental degradation and protecting historic structures from harmful pollutants. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy improves air quality by reducing emissions from transport and agriculture, limiting the deposition of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, which contribute to the erosion and discolouration of historic stonework, particularly in urban areas. The River Basin Management Plan protects water quality, reducing the risk of water pollution that can damage historic waterfronts and architectural heritage. Efforts to reduce plastic waste through bans on single-use plastics and litter strategies contribute to cleaner urban and rural environments, preserving the visual appeal of historic sites. Additionally, Scotland’s collaboration on chemical regulation ensures that harmful substances are controlled at source, preventing contamination that could degrade built heritage assets.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will likely further strengthen these protections by reducing pollution and waste through more targeted environmental management. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may introduce stricter measures to limit pollutants that accelerate the deterioration of historic buildings and monuments. The fourth River Basin Management Plan may also address emerging water quality challenges, ensuring that historic sites near rivers, lochs, and coastal areas are better protected from erosion and flooding. The introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will reduce plastic waste, ensuring that historic townscapes and public spaces remain free from litter. Closer alignment with EU chemical regulations may further protect Scotland’s built heritage by limiting exposure to harmful substances that could accelerate structural decay. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste help conserve and enhance the character and quality of its landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes by reducing environmental degradation, improving air and water quality, and promoting sustainable waste management. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy limits emissions from transport and agriculture, reducing air pollution that can contribute to the deterioration of natural and built environments. The River Basin Management Plan helps protect and restore waterbodies, ensuring cleaner rivers, lochs, and coastal waters that enhance the visual and ecological quality of Scotland’s landscapes and seascapes. Measures to tackle plastic pollution, including bans on single-use plastics and strategies addressing litter and marine waste, help maintain the cleanliness and natural beauty of public spaces, beaches, and rural areas. Additionally, controlling hazardous chemicals through collaboration with the UK and Welsh Governments prevents soil and water contamination, preserving the integrity of Scotland’s diverse environments.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will likely further strengthen these efforts by introducing more targeted environmental protections. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may help reduce pollutants that affect visibility and contribute to the degradation of townscapes and rural landscapes. The fourth River Basin Management Plan may also identify and address emerging threats to water quality, ensuring that Scotland’s rivers and coastal areas remain clean and resilient. The introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will further reduce plastic waste, preventing litter accumulation in urban, rural, and coastal areas. Ensuring closer alignment with EU chemical regulations may help maintain strict controls on pollutants, protecting natural landscapes and built environments from contamination. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Scotland’s current policies outlined in Outcome 3 on minimising pollution and waste support more efficient use of natural resources and energy by reducing emissions, improving waste management, and promoting sustainable practices. The Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 strategy encourages cleaner transport and agriculture, cutting fuel consumption and lowering emissions from fossil fuel-dependent sectors. The River Basin Management Plan ensures sustainable water use, reducing waste and improving the efficiency of water resources, which are essential for agriculture, industry, and public supply. Efforts to tackle plastic pollution, such as banning single-use plastics and introducing a Circular Economy and Waste Route Map, help reduce reliance on virgin materials and lower energy demand in plastic production and waste processing. Additionally, collaboration on chemical regulation helps control hazardous substances at source, preventing inefficient resource use by limiting pollution that can degrade land, water, and air quality.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term, though some actions such as those as a result of Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 and the ban on single-use plastic items and carrier bag charges may result in some short term positive effects.

Future policies outlined in Outcome 3 will likely further enhance resource and energy efficiency by strengthening regulations and promoting circular economy principles. A long-term air quality framework, aligned with updated World Health Organisation guidelines, may encourage sustainable industrial and transport practices, reducing reliance on energy-intensive processes. The fourth River Basin Management Plan may also support efficient water management, ensuring resources are used effectively while maintaining environmental resilience. The introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging, a ban on single-use vapes, and a deposit return scheme will incentivise recycling, reducing the need for raw materials and the energy-intensive production of new plastic products. Ensuring closer alignment with EU chemical regulations may help maintain high environmental standards, supporting the responsible use of natural resources. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 3 is not known.

Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objectives: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to minimise pollution and waste in Scotland’s environment

SEA findings for Outcome 3: We minimise pollution and waste in our environment: Enhancing Scotland’s Environment Strategy to “do more and sooner” in minimising pollution and waste would accelerate progress across multiple SEA objectives, helping to deliver positive effects in the short term. Strengthening future policy actions outlined in Outcome 3 including commitments to air quality through a long-term framework aligned with updated WHO guidelines would protect habitats and species (SEA objective 1) by reducing pollutants that degrade ecosystems. It would also improve public health (SEA objective 2) by lowering respiratory and cardiovascular risks while simultaneously cutting greenhouse gas emissions (SEA objective 3a) from transport and industry.

Accelerating the development of the fourth River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) through SEPA’s consultation would ensure better water quality and flood resilience (SEA objective 6) while also supporting climate adaptation (SEA objective 3b) by safeguarding water resources against extreme weather. Cleaner water would further preserve soil health (SEA objective 5) by preventing contamination and erosion.

A more ambitious approach to pollution reduction would also enhance Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes (SEA objective 8) while preserving historic sites and built heritage (SEA objective 7) by limiting air and water pollution that accelerates degradation. Finally, embedding circular economy principles within these policy actions would drive Scotland towards greater resource and energy efficiency (SEA objective 9), ensuring long-term environmental and economic sustainability. By taking stronger action now, Scotland can secure a cleaner, healthier, and more resilient future.

Mitigation and enhancement

B.14 The Environment Strategy should give more detail on the improvements in the strategy outlined in Outcome 3, including the long-term framework for air quality and fourth River Basin Management Plan.

B.15 In the chemical pollution section of Outcome 3 the Environment Strategy should outline which chemicals in particular are included in the strategy, especially regarding future actions.

B.16 The Environment Strategy could introduce the deposit return scheme sooner and introduce measures to expand producer responsibility and invest in advanced recycling technologies.

B.17 The Environment Strategy could introduce stronger pollution regulations, measures to enhance public engagement and incentivise business innovation in waste reduction.

Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable

B.18 Existing actions:

• The Scottish Government’s approach to creating a circular economy is set out in the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map.
• The Local Food Strategy, Local Food for Everyone: Our Journey, was published in 2024. There are range of activities already underway which support the local food agenda including exploring innovative technologies such as vertical farms.
• The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map Identifies textiles as a potential priority product for our forthcoming Product Stewardship Plan, and sets out plans for consulting on kerbside collection of textiles from households.
• Scotland’s Vision for Trade commits to striving to ensure the Scottish Government’s approach to trade helps to improve Scotland’s overseas environmental impact by promoting a shift towards environmentally sustainable consumption and production.
• The Scottish Government will continue to engage with the UK Government on opportunities for strengthening due diligence measures.
• The Scottish Government will continue to advocate for environmental impacts and opportunities to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals and withing World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral discussions
• As set out in the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map, the Scottish Government is engaging with the UK Government to deliver a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries, and urging it to consider expanding this to all countries. The Scottish Government is also working in partnership with devolved governments to review opportunities for restricting exports of other waste materials.
• The Scottish Government is committed to supporting climate and nature action through international collaboration.
• Co-Chair of the Under 2 Coalition and the Edinburgh Declaration on subnational governments’ role in tackling biodiversity loss
• In 2022 the Scottish Government established a Global Renewables Centre to facilitate mutual knowledge exchange on clean energy between their African partner countries and the Scottish renewables sector.
• The Scottish Government is committed to supporting international climate justice.

B.19 Future actions:

• Creation of a circular economy to be aided by forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy.
• Explore opportunities for strengthening the Scottish Government’s evidence base on localising food.
• Explore further opportunities to strengthen Scotland’s role as a good global citizen in the Scottish Government’s approach to working internationally.

Table 8.5: Assessment findings for Outcome 4

SEA objective: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 4 supports nature action through international collaboration, particularly as Co-Chair of the Edinburgh Declaration on subnational governments’ role in tackling biodiversity loss. The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map promotes responsible waste management, reducing pollution and land degradation that threaten biodiversity. Initiatives like textile stewardship and kerbside collection help prevent waste from harming habitats. The Local Food Strategy encourages sustainable food production, reducing agricultural pressures on conservation areas while fostering innovative solutions like vertical farming. Scotland’s Vision for Trade aligns economic activity with environmental sustainability by advocating for stronger due diligence and ensuring trade policies do not contribute to global habitat destruction. These actions are likely to result in direct positive effects primarily in the medium to long term, however current actions such as textile stewardship and kerbside collection and the ban on plastic waste exports and waste restrictions are also likely to have short term effects.

Regarding future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4, the forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy may help to build on waste reduction measures to further minimise ecological impact. Additionally, enhancing Scotland’s global role in sustainability may help to drive international collaboration, ensuring policies support habitat protection both domestically and globally. However, as the details of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 4 is not known. Overall, these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change primarily in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy commitments outlined in Outcome 4 to support international climate justice and climate and nature action through international collaboration are likely to improve the resilience of communities, particularly those most vulnerable to climate change. Existing actions also focus on reducing pollution and waste through the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map, including efforts to ban plastic waste exports and support sustainable textile management. These measures improve air and water quality, lowering health risks such as respiratory conditions. The Local Food Strategy enhances access to fresh, locally produced food, improving diets and reducing food miles, which helps mitigate climate-related health issues. These exiting actions will result in indirect positive effects primarily in the medium and long term. This is partially dependent on the international action taken and when the evidence base is strengthened.

Regarding future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4, the forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy may help to advance sustainable consumption and production, potentially fostering healthier living environments through reduced waste and pollution. Expanding the evidence base on localising food will enable targeted interventions to enhance nutrition and food security. Moreover, strengthening Scotland’s role as a responsible global citizen through international partnerships will help promote climate justice, protecting vulnerable populations from climate-related health impacts. Together, these policies support long-term wellbeing by helping to ensure resilient communities, sustainable food systems, and a stable climate. Overall, these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change primarily in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 which aid in climate mitigation include creating a circular economy and waste strategy, a local food strategy, advocating for environmental impacts to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals, within World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral discussions and to deliver a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries. The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map reduces emissions from landfill and industrial processes by promoting waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The Local Food Strategy cuts emissions associated with food transportation and refrigeration by encouraging local food production, including innovative methods like vertical farming. They also support climate action through international collaboration, such as through the global renewables centre which also helps accelerates the shift to clean energy, cutting emissions from fossil fuels. These actions will likely result in direct positive effects. The effects are likely to primarily be medium and long-term depending on the diligence measures, trade deal and WTO discussion, type of climate action and when the plastic waste export ban is delivered. Actions such as the Local Food Strategy and consulting on kerbside collection of textiles may also bring about change in the short term.

Future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 will build on these foundations by embedding sustainability into Scotland’s economy and global partnerships. The forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy may help to reduce industrial emissions through circular practices. Strengthening the evidence base on local food systems will enable further reductions in emissions linked to transport and storage. Additionally, reinforcing Scotland’s role as a responsible global citizen will likely promote low-carbon development internationally, aligning domestic and global climate objectives. However, as the details of the majority of these future policy actions are not outlined in the Environment Strategy, the magnitude of their positive effect and contribution to Outcome 4 is not known. Overall, these future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change primarily in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 4 is committed to supporting climate and nature action through international collaboration and engagement on opportunities to strengthen due diligence measures, local food strategy and to advocate for environmental impacts and opportunities to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals. These actions are likely to support climate adaptation and resilience. For example, the Local Food Strategy enhances food security by promoting local production and innovative technologies like vertical farming, which are less susceptible to climate variability. Sustainable trade practices reduce dependence on climate-sensitive global supply chains, while international collaborations, such as the Under 2 Coalition and the Edinburgh Declaration, protect biodiversity critical for ecosystem resilience. The Global Renewables Centre further supports adaptation by ensuring energy security in the face of climate shocks. These actions will result in indirect positive effects. However, the extent and timescale of the effect is uncertain as it depends on the form of climate and nature action taken.

The future action outlined in Outcome 4 to explore opportunities for strengthening the evidence base on localising food systems will likely inform strategies to secure food supply against global agricultural disruptions. Additionally, reinforcing Scotland’s role as a responsible global citizen and advancing climate justice initiatives will ensure that adaptation measures are inclusive, addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. Therefore, an indirect positive effect is expected in the medium to long-term once the evidence base is strengthened.

SEA objective: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 include creating a circular economy and waste strategy, creating a local food strategy, advocating for environmental impacts to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals, within World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral discussions and to deliver a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries. These actions focus on minimising waste, restricting polluting exports, and promoting responsible trade. For example, the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps to reduce landfill and incineration emissions, while efforts to ban plastic waste exports prevent toxic air pollution from open burning abroad. Scotland’s push for environmental due diligence in trade deals and its role in international climate initiatives further supports cleaner production and consumption, reducing pollution from industrial processes and fossil fuel dependency. They also support climate action through international collaboration, such as through the global renewables centre. These actions will likely indirectly improve air quality through reduced reliance on and combustion of fossil fuels, which will result in indirect positive effects. The effects are likely to be short, medium and long-term depending on the diligence measures, trade deal and WTO discussion, type of climate action and when the plastic waste export ban is delivered.

The future action outlined in Outcome 4 to explore opportunities for strengthening Scotland’s evidence base on localising food is likely to reduce emissions from transport and improve air quality. Therefore, an indirect positive effect is expected in the medium to long-term once the evidence base is strengthened.

SEA objective: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 include creating a circular economy and waste strategy, creating a local food strategy, advocating for environmental impacts to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals, within World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral discussions and to deliver a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries. These actions focus on minimising waste, restricting polluting exports, and promoting responsible trade. For example, the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps to reduce landfill and soil contamination, while efforts to ban plastic waste exports prevent soil contamination from microplastics. Scotland’s push for environmental due diligence in trade deals and its role in international climate initiatives further supports cleaner production and consumption, reducing pollution from industrial processes and impacts on soils, which will result in indirect positive effects. The effects are likely to be short, medium and long-term depending on the diligence measures, trade deal and WTO discussion, type of climate action and when the plastic waste export ban is delivered.

There are no future actions identified that result in an effect for SEA objective 5: Soil.

SEA objective: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 include creating a circular economy and waste strategy, creating a local food strategy, advocating for environmental impacts to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals, within World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral discussions and to deliver a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries. These actions focus on minimising waste, restricting polluting exports, and promoting responsible trade. For example, the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps to reduce landfill and water contamination, while efforts to ban plastic waste exports prevent water pollution from plastic waste. Scotland’s push for environmental due diligence in trade deals and its role in international climate initiatives further supports cleaner production and consumption, reducing pollution from industrial processes and impacts on water, which will result in indirect positive effects. The effects are likely to be short, medium and long-term depending on the diligence measures, trade deal and WTO discussion, type of climate action and when the plastic waste export ban is delivered.

There are no future actions identified that result in an effect for 6: Water.

SEA objective: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: There are no actions identified that result in an effect for 7: Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage.

SEA objective: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: There are no actions identified that result in an effect for 8: Landscape, seascape and townscape.

SEA objective: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Current policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 focus on waste reduction through the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map, helping to minimise reliance on virgin materials and lower energy use in production. Trade due diligence and WTO advocacy support responsible global supply chains, while banning plastic waste exports prevents inefficient resource disposal. Scotland’s international climate commitments and Global Renewables Centre further promote clean energy and sustainable practices. These actions are likely to support responsible waste disposal and a circular economy resulting in direct positive effects. The effects are likely to be in the medium and long-term, depending on when the ban is implemented.

Future policy actions outlined in Outcome 4 will reinforce these efforts through the Circular Economy Strategy, driving greater reuse and energy efficiency. Localising food production will reduce transport emissions and optimise resource use in agriculture. These actions will likely result in indirect positive effects for material assets in the medium to long-term.

SEA objective: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to ensure Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable

SEA findings for Outcome 4: Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable: Enhancing and accelerating actions outlined in Outcome 4 to increase the sustainability of their global environmental footprint would advance climate action while delivering broad environmental, social and economic benefits. Increasing and bringing forward opportunities to strengthen Scotland’s role as a good global citizen would likely benefit public health and wellbeing (SEA objective 2) as well as the other SEA objectives, dependant on the actions taken. Increasing and bringing forward opportunities for strengthening the evidence base on localising food are likely to increase positive effects for communities (SEA objective 2), reduce emissions from transport (SEA objective 3a), improve air quality (SEA objective 4), provide adaptation to climate change (SEA objective 3b) and likely minimise waste and encourage the prudent use of natural resources (SEA objective 9).

Mitigation and enhancement

B.20 It is recommended that detail is added on how something will be achieved or can SG be more definite that it will be done.

B.21 Detail is recommended on the type:

• of climate and nature action that will be undertaken through international collaboration
• of environmental impacts to be fully considered during the negotiation of trade deals
• of opportunities to strengthen Scotland’s role as a good global citizen

B.22 The addition of timescales are suggested for:

• when a ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries will be delivered

Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature

B.23 Current actions:

• Scottish Government want to scale up the use of blue-green infrastructure in our towns and cities, to realise the multiple economic, social and environmental benefits this creates. The approach to delivering this is set out in the Biodiversity Delivery Plan and Scottish National Adaptation Plan. This includes commitments designed to facilitate increased public and private investment in blue-green infrastructure; improve its biodiversity value; promote its use in transport and active travel projects; and harness its role in improving the climate resilience of our sewer network and urban water environment, to avoid flooding and pollution incidents. Its importance is further highlighted in the National Planning Framework, which sets out that Local Development Plans should enhance and expand blue-green infrastructure.
• The Green Health Partnership pilots, established as part of the ‘Our Natural Health Service’ initiative.
• Outdoor nature-based education is recognised as a priority in the Learning for Sustainability action plan.
• We have asked the Scottish Outdoor Learning Strategic Working Group to develop advice and recommendations on opportunities for strengthening inclusive access and provision of outdoor learning, in all its forms.
• We are carefully considering a recommendation from the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission to introduce animal welfare impact assessments to help mainstream consideration of animal welfare risks during policy development.
• We are working with the UK Government and other devolved administrations to consider proposals for mandatory method of production food labelling, in order to provide consumers with clearer information on the production system in which animals were reared.
• We are considering opportunities for enhancing animal welfare through the design of the new agriculture support regime.
• Our Culture Strategy Action Plan includes a commitment to ‘harness the transformational power of culture to deliver on climate change’. Creative Scotland plays a key role in delivering this through its Climate Emergency and Sustainability Plan.
• The right to a healthy environment has been included in the development of a Scottish Human Rights Bill. Although that Bill will not be progressed during this Parliamentary Term, we are continuing work to produce an effective legislative framework to protect and advance human rights for people in Scotland.
• We will also continue to seek opportunities to support delivery of rights to environmental information, consultation on environmental decisions and access to justice on environmental matters, under the Aarhus Convention.
• The Scottish Dietary Goals are designed to help tackle poor diet as a leading cause of ill health in Scotland.
• Our Biodiversity Delivery Plan highlights that shifting towards more plant-rich diets can have a major positive influence on halting biodiversity loss.
• Our Vision for Agriculture is to transform how we support farming and food production in Scotland to become a global leader in sustainable and regenerative agriculture. It highlights the health benefits of high quality, nutritious food that is locally and sustainably produced, and commits to supporting and working with farmers and crofters to meet more of our own food needs sustainably and to farm and croft with nature.
• Guided by our Good Food Nation Plan, we will continue to explore opportunities for supporting change at all levels of the food system to ensure sustainable, healthy food is available and that people can access and afford it.
• We are taking ambitious actions to support these behaviour changes. For example:
• We are working to finalise our route map for achieving our target of reducing car kilometres by 20% by 2030.
• We are delivering the approach set out in our active travel vision. This includes making it easier, safer and more appealing for people to walk, wheel or cycle through our Active Travel Infrastructure Fund, National Cycle Network and People and Place Programme. Since 2010 we have delivered around 455 miles of walking and cycling paths.
• We are supporting affordable public transport through our concessionary bus schemes, which are the most generous in the UK, allowing over 2 million people to benefit from free bus travel. We have also committed to introduce an integrated public transport ticketing system, and we are improving the infrastructure for buses to help make the bus network more accessible for all and ensure reliable services.
• We are promoting the transition to electric vehicles (EVs), supporting our commitment to phase out the need for petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030.
• In December 2024, we published a Draft Implementation Plan for delivering Scotland’s Vision for public EV charging, including a Draft route map for the delivery of approximately 24,000 additional public charge points by 2030. We are also making significant progress in electrifying public transport, with 75% of all rail passenger journeys in Scotland now made on electric services and almost 600 zero emissions buses brought onto the roads since 2020.
• To support joint benefits for climate, nature and wellbeing, the Biodiversity Delivery Plan commits to ensuring that every new transport and active travel infrastructure project incorporates elements of blue-green infrastructure.
• It is also essential to reduce emissions from aviation, based on the approach set out in the 2024 Aviation Statement. As explained in the statement, we will continue working with the UK Government towards implementation of Air Departure Tax in Scotland.
• The Heat in Buildings Strategy sets out our approach to driving these changes, supported by substantial public and private investment, a public engagement strategy and regulatory measures in the forthcoming Heat in Buildings Bill.
• We have commissioned research on the household behaviour changes needed to support biodiversity goals, which will help to inform our approach.
• The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map commits to identifying a package of support measures to improve the reuse experience for consumers. We will also continue to work with the UK Government to help ensure ecolabelling schemes provide clear information for consumers, learning from the developing approach in the EU.

B.24 Future actions:

• Going forward, we will continue to seek opportunities for scaling up use of blue-green infrastructure, through place-based approaches that maximise benefits to local communities and help to tackle inequalities.
• To ensure everyone can access these benefits, we will explore opportunities for further strengthening connections between nature and health services, building on the experience of the Green Health Partnership pilots, established as part of the ‘Our Natural Health Service’ initiative.
• We will design our approach to help tackle the profound inequalities in how people experience these positive and negative health impacts, linked to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, age and gender.
• We will explore opportunities for strengthening outdoor nature-based education to ensure all children can experience these benefits, for example by expanding curriculum resources for teachers. We are also considering wider opportunities for outdoor learning to support delivery of the curriculum as part of the ongoing curriculum reform process.
• We have asked the Scottish Outdoor Learning Strategic Working Group to develop advice and recommendations on opportunities for strengthening inclusive access and provision of outdoor learning, in all its forms. We will consider the group’s advice when they report later this year.
• We will explore opportunities to embed, as part of this, a focus on the role of the arts in inspiring action to tackle nature loss, and celebrate human-nature connectedness, recognising that the climate and nature emergencies are intrinsically linked.
• As part of continuing work to produce an effective legislative framework to protect and advance human rights for people in Scotland, we will deliver the commitment in Scotland’s second National Human Rights Action Plan to carry out a human rights review of data on air, land and water pollution impacts and severe weather events. We will use the findings in decision-making to help address the disproportionate impact of environmental harms on marginalised places and people whose rights are most at risk, in order to better realise the right to a healthy environment.
• We will create an organic food and farming action plan to help meet our target of doubling the land under organic management by 2026 and ensure organic produce is available to people locally.
• We will ensure these changes in our food system are achieved through a just transition that continues to support a thriving rural economy and communities.
• We will deliver the actions set out in the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to reset our approach to tackling food waste, recognising that the scale of the problem has increased in Scotland over the past decade, with a 5% increase in the tonnage of food wasted. This will include developing an intervention plan to guide long-term household behaviour change to reduce food waste and help people save money on food bills.
• Through the work of Home Energy Scotland and the support available through our Warmer Homes Scotland scheme, we will take forward measures to ensure we offer practical solutions to encourage energy efficiency and to enable families to stay warm.
• We have commissioned research to explore opportunities for encouraging circular economy behaviours, which will help to guide our approach. The forthcoming Climate Change Plan will also set out policies and proposals for action on reducing emissions associated with our consumption and use of goods in Scotland.

Table 8.6: Assessment findings for Outcome 5

SEA objective: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 5 include increased connection with nature, integrating nature within urban areas through green and blue infrastructure development and more sustainable consumer choices, reducing material consumption. This provides a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy also supports exploring opportunities for promoting the use of blue-green infrastructure through the next Infrastructure Investment Plan, and improving nature in people’s gardens. This range of actions which will both directly and indirectly result in positive effects for this SEA objective. This includes indirect positive effects from actions to reduce the environmental impact of diet, improved understanding of nature and improved education, improved environmental quality such as mitigating air pollution. Improved animal welfare will bring indirect benefits to wildlife, particularly where farmed animals impact on environmental quality. In addition, actions to improve blue-green infrastructure and nature in gardens increases habitat connectivity, bringing direct positive effects for biodiversity, flora and fauna. These actions will typically result in effects in the medium to longer term, reflecting the time taken for education and awareness to bring about behavioural changes with impacts on the ground.

SEA objective: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 5 bring a range of benefits for population and human health from active travel and public transport benefits for health from cleaner air and exercise, to dietary choices supporting health. There are also benefits from strengthening the human-nature connection and improving inclusivity. This provides a positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the short to long term.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy includes support for green and blue infrastructure, provision of local organic food, greater connections between nature and health services and addressing health risks posed by climate change and pollution alongside addressing inequalities. Particularly, it seeks to address the disproportionate impact of environmental harms on marginalised places and people whose rights are most at risk. This will also include exploring opportunities for strengthening outdoor nature-based education and to use the arts to tackle nature loss and celebrate nature connectiveness. Support for change at all levels of the food system to ensure accessible, sustainable and healthy food for all will also bring direct positive effects for population and human health over the medium to longer term.

SEA objective: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 5 support key actions such as active travel and public transport, decarbonising buildings, adjusting dietary choices and cutting food waste which contribute to climate mitigation, alongside supporting sustainable consumption choices. This provides a positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the short to medium term.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy supports sustainable living and increased understanding and valuing of nature, alongside addressing the health risks posed by climate change. This makes an indirect contribution towards supporting individual actions which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also supports strategic actions which increase carbon sequestration and reduce emissions, and an indirect positive effect is identified in the short to long term.

SEA objective: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 5 include actions which support climate adaptation, such as creating more climate resilient places, including expanding green and blue infrastructure. This provides a positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy further supports key actions which are positive for climate adaptation. This includes further increasing the provision of green and blue infrastructure, public green and blue spaces and green architecture and working to address health risks from climate change. This builds on existing policies but also includes exploring additional opportunities for guidance for local authorities and developers on how blue-green infrastructure and green architecture can be used to deliver multiple benefits, understanding barriers, and promoting the use of blue-green infrastructure through the forthcoming Infrastructure Investment Plan. These actions will contribute positively to climate adaptation for both biodiversity and for people, particularly in urban areas. This will provide increased habitat connectivity from a greater provision of blue-green infrastructure and green architecture. This will bring benefits in terms of intercepting rainfall and mitigating temperature extremes by providing shading and cooling. These actions will have indirect positive effects and will occur in the medium to longer term, reflecting the time taken for green infrastructure to be established and for it to deliver the maximum benefits.

SEA objective: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 5 bring a range of benefits for air quality key actions such as active travel and public transport, decarbonising buildings, adjusting dietary choices and cutting food waste which contribute to emissions and air quality impacts. This provides a positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the short to medium term.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy seeks to support the promotion of green and blue infrastructure, which will bring indirect positive effects in the medium to longer term, reflecting the time taken for green and blue infrastructure vegetation to mature and fulfil this role.

SEA objective: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 5, supports improved green and blue infrastructure provision which will have positive effects in terms of soil quality, through increased vegetation cover, protecting soil from the impacts of rainfall and drought. This will bring indirect positive effects in the short to medium term, from the initial establishment of the vegetation.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy seeks to support the promotion of green and blue infrastructure and organic food production, which will bring indirect positive effects in the short to longer term, reflecting the immediate protection of soil, through to the longer term benefits from establishing green and blue infrastructure vegetation and the time required for it to mature and fulfil this role.

SEA objective: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 5, supports improved green and blue infrastructure and organic food provision will have positive effects in terms of water quality, through increased vegetation cover, increasing infiltration rates, reducing pollution and run off and increasing water storage capacity. This will bring indirect positive effects in the short to long term, depending on the types of green and blue infrastructure established.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy seeks to support the promotion of green and blue infrastructure, which will bring indirect positive effects to water in the medium to longer term, reflecting the role of vegetation in filtrating pollutants and mitigating flood risk, through to the longer term benefits from establishing green and blue infrastructure vegetation and for it to mature and fulfil this role.

SEA objective: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 5 supports actions for improved green and blue infrastructure provision and green architecture will bring about changes to the character of the built and urban environment. This may result in both positive and negative effects on cultural heritage, resulting from changes in views and character of the surrounding built and natural environment. These effects are likely to be indirect and will occur in the medium to longer term reflecting the time taken for changes to green infrastructure to mature.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy seeks to support the promotion of green and blue infrastructure, which will bring indirect positive effects, in line with the effects described above. These effects are likely to be indirect and will occur in the medium to longer term reflecting the time taken for changes to green infrastructure to mature.

SEA objective: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy framework outlined in outcome 5 supports actions for improved green and blue infrastructure provision and green architecture will bring about changes to the character of the built and urban environment. This may result in both indirect positive and negative effects on landscape, seascape and townscape, resulting from changes in views and character of the surrounding built and natural environment. These effects are likely to be indirect and will occur in the medium to longer term reflecting the time taken for changes to green infrastructure to mature.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy seeks to support the promotion of green and blue infrastructure, which will bring indirect positive effects, in line with the effects described above. These effects are likely to be indirect and will occur in the medium to longer term reflecting the time taken for changes to green infrastructure to mature.

SEA objective: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: The existing policy framework outlined in Outcome 5 supports the positive management of food waste, and a societal and technological transformation in consumption, materials recovery and reuse, and sustainable consumer choices. This will bring positive effects for material assets through reducing resource use and supporting a circular economy.

This will result in an indirect positive effect in the medium term, reflecting the time taken for the behaviour change and associated supporting infrastructure to become established.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 5, the Environment Strategy supports continued exploration of opportunities for supporting change at all levels of the food system to ensure sustainable healthy food is available and that people can afford it, and producing a behaviour intervention plan to support household behaviour change. This will have an indirect positive effect on resource use and waste management. The strategy also supports continued working with the UK government to support reduced material consumption. This will result in an indirect positive effect in the medium term, reflecting the time taken for the behaviour change to become established and achieve direct benefits.

SEA objective: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to ensure Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature

SEA findings for Outcome 5: Scotland’s society is transformed for the better by living sustainably, in harmony with nature: Enhancing and accelerating the future policy actions outlined in Outcome 5 would significantly advance climate action while delivering broad environmental, social, and economic benefits. Enhancing and accelerating green infrastructure and nature based solutions will increase the positive benefits for emissions reduction (SEA objective 3a), climate adaptation (SEA objective 3b), enhancing biodiversity (SEA objective 1), increase health particularly for communities with lower access to nature (SEA objective 2), improve air and soil quality (SEA objective 4 and 5), reduce flood risk (SEA objective 6) and improve character of the built and natural environment (SEA objective 7 and 8). Maximising human-nature connectedness and sustainable food availability will increase benefits to local communities to help to tackle inequalities, further strengthening connections between nature and health services. These will increase benefits for those most vulnerable to climate change and help reduce health inequalities (SEA objective 2).

Mitigation and enhancement

B.25 The Environment Strategy should include proposals on how to bring about change in the shorter term, identifying the resources required to achieve change at a faster rate. This is particularly relevant to those actions dependent on behavioural change such as addressing food waste and food choices.

Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits

B.26 Current actions:

• We published our new Green Industrial Strategy in 2024. It identifies areas of strength and opportunity for Scotland to grow globally competitive industries in the transition to net zero
• Scotland’s Renewable Action Plan sets out a route map for its 2045 vision for a net zero energy supply, including an ambition to more than double renewable capacity by 2030.
• We are continuing to support this potential by harnessing public and private investment in renewable energy infrastructure and storage. We are also acting to make the planning and consenting regime for renewable energy generation more efficient to help provide more certainty to the market and to stimulate private investment. We are committed to working collaboratively with the UK Government and other devolved governments to accelerate progress towards Scotland’s net zero targets.
• In relation to onshore energy infrastructure, NatureScot has commenced work to develop a biodiversity metric to support delivery of the requirements in Policy 3b of National Planning Framework 4 (NPF4) for developments to enhance biodiversity.
• We will continue to engage with the UK Government to develop a cross-sectoral biomass sustainability framework.
• We will continue to strengthen our evidence base on the interactions between energy policies and biodiversity to support our joined-up approach to tackling the climate and nature emergencies.
• We will continue to work with stakeholders to support energy demand reduction across sectors.
• Our Land Use Strategy sets out a holistic approach for encouraging sustainable land use, with the aim of ensuring that decisions about land use deliver improved and enduring benefits, enhancing Scotland’s wellbeing.
• The Blue Economy Vision recognises that economic prosperity and wellbeing are embedded within nature, and that in order to harness blue opportunities, Scotland’s economy and society must be transformed to thrive within the planet’s sustainable limits.
• Our vision for Scottish agriculture is to transform how we support farming and food production to become a global leader in sustainable and regenerative agriculture, while also enhancing animal welfare. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan sets out actions which will be incorporated into the new support regime to help farmers and crofters transition to practices that restore biodiversity and ecosystem health.
• Scotland’s Forestry Strategy 2019-29, sets out a framework of actions to expand, protect and enhance Scotland’s forests and woodlands, in order to deliver greater economic, social and environmental benefits. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan includes additional actions for ensuring that forests and woodlands deliver increased biodiversity and habitat connectivity alongside timber and carbon outcomes.
• Our Fisheries Management Strategy 2020-30 sets out our approach to managing Scotland’s sea fisheries as part of the wider Blue Economy to deliver the best possible results for our marine environment, our fishing industry and our fishing communities. Further actions for supporting nature-positive fisheries are included in the Biodiversity Delivery Plan.
• The Vision for Sustainable Aquaculture sets out actions to create more sustainable economic and social benefit from fish, seafood and seaweed farming in the future, in order to reduce the sector’s impact on the environment and ensure high standards of health and welfare.
• Significant actions are already underway to support businesses to improve their sustainability while harnessing the benefits this creates. These include grants, tools and advice from our Enterprise Agencies, Zero Waste Scotland, the Scottish Business Climate Collaboration and the Net Zero Nation website. More broadly, through our New Deal for Business, we are committed to working in partnership with businesses to build a wellbeing economy, including engaging early on policy development that impacts on them.
• International frameworks have been developed to facilitate reporting information on environmental impacts and risks.
• Zero Waste Scotland provides advice and support for businesses to transition to circular business models. The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map identifies opportunities for businesses to improve their circularity.
• The Circular Economy and Waste Route Map identifies opportunities for businesses to improve their circularity. It also commits to developing a Product Stewardship Plan to provide a framework for prioritising products where producers will have responsibility for addressing environmental impacts.
• We are reviewing opportunities to grow our network of social enterprises, learning from experience in other countries.
• We will continue to engage with the UK Government on potential opportunities for due diligence measures, including on the development of new due diligence requirements for tackling global deforestation and forest degradation.
• We are collaborating with the UK Government to support the development of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to impose a price on carbon emissions embedded in certain imported goods. To ensure the CBAM does not detrimentally impact Scottish business operations, and certain imports, we will also continue to urge the UK Government to consider opportunities for linking the UK Emissions Trading Scheme with that of the EU.
• We will continue to advocate to the UK Government to fully consider environmental impacts and opportunities during the negotiation and implementation of trade deals, and within WTO multilateral discussions.
• Action is underway to strengthen standards in areas where Scotland has devolved powers. For example, in 2024 we set ambitious standards for clean heating through the introduction of the New Build Heat Standard, and we are currently developing proposals to deliver a Scottish equivalent to the Passivhaus standard to further improve the energy efficiency of new buildings.
• Scotland’s Tax Strategy, Building on our Tax Principles, sets out the next steps in the evolution of the tax landscape in Scotland. It includes a commitment to consider how taxes can support positive behavioural change, including incentivising those needed to achieve climate and nature goals. Current examples of this include the introduction of the Scottish Landfill Tax, which has supported progress towards a circular economy and highlighted how tax can be effective in encouraging behaviour change.
• We will continue to consider where and when delivery of certain goals may be more effectively driven at a regional level.
• Complementing the NPF, our Wellbeing Economy Monitor assesses the development of a Wellbeing Economy in Scotland by drawing on health, equality, fair work and sustainability indicators, alongside GDP. Environmental wellbeing features prominently in both of these frameworks. Scotland’s Natural Capital Accounts are also published as a complementary measure to GDP.
• We will continue to engage with international partners, including through the Wellbeing Economy Governments Network, to deepen our understanding of how to bring wellbeing approaches into policymaking.
• Our Biodiversity Strategy recognises that a range of funding sources are needed to support the scale of nature restoration needed to meet biodiversity targets. The Biodiversity Investment Plan identifies the actions needed to mobilise public, private and philanthropic finance. This is accompanied by a Natural Capital Market Framework which provides guidance and tools to support responsible private investment in natural capital. Supported by our principles for responsible investment in natural capital, we will continue to ensure our approach to attracting high integrity private finance is designed to be fiscally sustainable, avoid greenwashing and deliver a just transition, matching funding types to the outcomes they are best suited to deliver.
• Scotland is already taking an ambitious approach by publishing assessments of the climate impact of each Budget. In 2024, we piloted a new assessment to provide improved information on climate impacts and incorporate a wider range of goals, including biodiversity and climate adaptation.
• We responded to the Taskforce’s recommendations in September 2024, which included finding investments for green projects in Scotland.
• To support our sustainable procurement duty, the Sustainable Procurement Tools help public sector organisations optimise environmental outcomes from their procurement activity. This purchasing power can direct flows of finance towards green business activities, helping to stimulate market development and innovation.
• We are developing supporting guidance which will provide information on tools and approaches that can be used to help demonstrate whether and how lifecycle emissions of development proposals have been minimised.
• The Infrastructure Investment Plan 2021-22 to 2025-26 sets out a strategic approach to delivering our National Infrastructure Mission. One of its three core themes focuses on supporting Scotland’s net zero transition and environmental sustainability. It also introduces a new definition of infrastructure, incorporating natural infrastructure.
• Our National Innovation Strategy sets out a vision for Scotland to be one of the most innovative small nations in the world. It identifies priorities for driving the innovation needed for our net zero energy transition and recognises further opportunities for innovation in natural capital investment. Building on this, we are exploring the scope for mission-led approaches to boost innovation and delivery of policy goals in key areas, for example in maximising the impact of our Green Industrial Strategy.
• We are continuing to strengthen our understanding of green skills needs in specific areas, including the skills priorities set out in the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map and Biodiversity Delivery Plan.
• We are committed to improving our education and skills system and significant work is progressing to reform that system so that is more responsive to our economic needs and ambitions.

B.27 Future actions:

• Alongside implementation of our Green Industrial Strategy, we will strengthen our focus on decarbonising industry through these existing technologies. Our approach must also address the emissions generated throughout the entire lifecycle of a product, building or infrastructure development, including emissions embodied in materials. Opportunities will be explored through the development of the Climate Change Plan.
• Production of a Strategic Spatial Energy Plan for Great Britain, which will take a more strategic approach to energy planning – the Scottish, Welsh and UK Governments have jointly commissioned the National Energy System Operator to produce this.
• We are also collaborating with the UK Government to take action in key policy areas that remain reserved, including investment in electricity grid upgrades and energy storage, reform of transmission charging and electricity market arrangements, mandating of community benefits and engagement, and introducing social energy tariffs.
• In the marine environment, we are considering proposals for a Scottish Marine Recovery Fund that could potentially be used to facilitate a nature positive approach to offshore wind developments.
• We will work with the renewables industry to explore opportunities for enhancing nature at an ecosystem-wide level via private sector investment.
• Together, NPF4 and the forthcoming second National Marine Plan will act as companion policies, setting out a coherent vision for the future development of Scotland’s land and seas. Alongside these, the forthcoming Strategic Spatial Energy Plan will take account of demands on Scotland’s land and seas, including our goals for nature recovery.
• Our forthcoming Bioenergy Policy Statement will also set out guiding principles for biomass use, including principles for protecting and enhancing Scotland’s biodiversity and adhering to stringent sustainability criteria and environmental regulations.
• The forthcoming second National Marine Plan will provide a new planning framework to further sustainable development and use of our seas, promote protection and recovery of our marine environment and support our varied and unique communities.
• A new framework is being developed that will underpin our agriculture support regime from 2025 onwards, in order to achieve the vision for Scottish Agriculture.
• Steps for promoting climate-friendly agriculture and embedding circular practices will be explored in the new Climate Change Plan.
• We will explore further opportunities to support businesses to strengthen environmental risk management including via working with businesses to explore opportunities for harnessing these benefits by supporting voluntary reporting and working with the UK Government to understand the implications of new mandatory reporting requirements in the EU for Scottish businesses exporting to Europe.
• The forthcoming Circular Economy Strategy will build on embracing circular economy business models by identifying priority sectors and systems where action is needed, giving a clear direction of travel for businesses.
• We will consider the implications of strengthened action on due diligence in the EU.
• We will explore opportunities for introducing or strengthening standards for priority products identified through the forthcoming Product Stewardship Plan. In addition, we will engage with the UK Government to explore opportunities for aligning with the new EU Ecodesign Regulation.
• We will complete the introduction of the Scottish Aggregates Tax and work with the UK Government to implement a devolved Air Departure Tax. We will also explore options for a potential Carbon Land Tax as part of our work with the Scottish Land Commission to consider the role of taxation in supporting land reform and reducing emissions from land use.
• We will engage with and carefully assess impacts on communities and businesses, to ensure fairness and help tackle inequalities.
• We will work with regional partners to explore opportunities to improve coordination with regional environment and climate initiatives to strengthen delivery of shared goals.
• We will ensure this broader understanding of wellbeing is reflected by integrating environmental sustainability and equality in policy development.
• In 2024, we piloted a new assessment to provide improved information on climate impacts and incorporate a wider range of goals, including biodiversity and climate adaptation. We aim to mainstream this from 2025.
• We will seek to support international efforts to green the financial system, working with the UK Government.
• We will further develop the Sustainable Procurement Tools and promote their use across the public sector. This will draw on commissioned research to explore opportunities for strengthening delivery of circular economy goals.
• We will explore the potential for promoting whole life carbon assessments in the planning and design of infrastructure.
• Future strategic infrastructure needs, from 2026 onwards, will be addressed in the next Infrastructure Investment Plan.
• We will consider opportunities for strengthening climate and nature literacy across the public sector, to empower staff at all levels to take steps towards tackling the climate and nature crises in their organisations.

Table 8.7: Assessment findings for Outcome 6

SEA objective: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: The current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 aim for taxes to support positive behavioural change to achieve nature goals. In addition, policy actions such as the biodiversity metric under National Planning Framework 4, Scotland’s Forestry Strategy, and the Biodiversity Delivery Plan integrate nature-positive approaches into land use, agriculture, and fisheries. The Blue Economy Vision and Fisheries Management Strategy support marine biodiversity, while the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map reduce environmental degradation. Investments in renewable energy and sustainable land use are being shaped to align with biodiversity conservation, ensuring development does not come at the cost of ecological health. These measures protect designated and undesignated ecological assets against developments and improve biodiversity which will result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term once the evidence base is strengthened, and the metric and framework are implemented.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 6, the forthcoming Bioenergy Policy Statement is designed to minimise impacts on biodiversity from bioenergy. The Environment Strategy seeks to engage with the public sector reform process and local authorities to consider opportunities for strengthening nature literacy across the public sector, with the sustainability criteria for bioenergy and stricter product standards helping to mitigate environmental harm. The second National Marine Plan and the proposed Scottish Marine Recovery Fund will help enhance marine conservation, while a new agricultural framework from 2025 will help support climate-friendly farming and nature restoration. Additionally, integrating whole life carbon assessments into infrastructure planning and mainstreaming climate and biodiversity impact assessments from 2025 will ensure long-term protection of Scotland’s natural assets. Working with the renewables industry to explore opportunities for enhancing nature at an ecosystem-wide level via private sector investment will also bring positive effects. These future policy actions will result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: The current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 promote renewable energy, biodiversity conservation, and circular economy practices reduce pollution, enhance green spaces, and improve air and water quality, benefiting both physical and mental health. Sustainable land use and responsible resource management help to ensure long-term food security and rural stability, while energy efficiency measures help tackle fuel poverty. Support for green business models and skills development strengthens economic opportunities within a wellbeing economy. These actions are likely to result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term, dependent on when these benefits and research findings are implemented in society.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 6, the Environment Strategy seeks to review opportunities to grow the network of social enterprises, which will improve the resilience of communities, quality of life and well-being by increasing jobs in local communities. The future policy actions of Outcome 6 will likely help to further embed sustainability into agriculture, infrastructure, and marine conservation. Plans to improve food security, energy affordability, and biodiversity protection may help enhance access to clean air, water, and nutritious food. Strengthened environmental policies, such as whole life carbon assessments and climate literacy initiatives, will likely help to ensure that health and wellbeing remain central to Scotland’s transition to a net zero, nature-positive economy. These actions are likely to result in an indirect positive effect in the medium to long term, dependent on when the opportunities are implemented.

SEA objective: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: The existing actions outlined in Outcome 6 involve the green industrial strategy, continued collaboration with the UK Government developing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, a new Scottish Air Departure Tax and Land Emissions Carbon Tax, delivering a Scottish equivalent to the Passivhaus standard, using taxes to support positive behavioural change to achieve climate goals, urging the UK Government to consider opportunities for linking the UK Emissions Trading Scheme with that of the EU, guiding sustainability principles for biomass use and the design of new due diligence requirements for tackling deforestation. These actions will help reduce emissions from man-made sources, including by reducing reliance on fossil fuels, incentivising emissions reduction and enhancing carbon sequestration.

Additionally, by harnessing investment in renewable energy infrastructure and storage, working with the Welsh and UK Government on commissioning a strategy spatial energy plan, acting to speed up the planning and consenting regime for renewable energy generation and stimulating private investment, the protection of low carbon and renewable energy generating and transmission sources will be supported. These will result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term for climate change mitigation once legislation and infrastructure are implemented.

Future actions outlined in Outcome 6 will likely help to strengthen these efforts through strategic energy planning, reforms to electricity market arrangements, and enhanced biodiversity measures that support carbon storage. Climate-friendly agriculture, circular economy expansion, and whole life carbon assessments in infrastructure will further embed low-carbon practices. The Environment Strategy seeks to support the implementation of the Green Industrial Strategy by strengthening focus on decarbonising existing industrial technologies. It seeks to green the financial system and to explore options for a potential carbon land tax. It also seeks to strengthen climate literacy across the public sector and strengthen sustainability standards for services and products.

These will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, these will result in positive effects in the medium to long term for climate change mitigation once literacy and standards are implemented and technologies decarbonised.

SEA objective: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: Existing policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 such as sustainable land use, forestry expansion, and biodiversity restoration improve ecosystem resilience, mitigating risks like flooding and soil erosion. Marine and fisheries strategies help protect coastal and marine ecosystems from climate impacts. The circular economy and business sustainability initiatives also enhance economic resilience by reducing reliance on vulnerable supply chains. Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Future policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 such as expansion of circular economy policies and whole life carbon assessments in infrastructure will help ensure that developments are designed with long-term climate resilience in mind. Strengthening regional partnerships and enhancing policy coordination will further improve Scotland’s ability to respond to climate challenges at both local and national levels. Strengthening climate and nature literacy across the public sector will embed climate adaptation at an organisational level. All of these actions are likely to improve climate adaptation and resilience. Therefore, these are likely to have indirect positive effects in the short, medium and long term dependent on the scale of action taken from these measures.

SEA objective: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: Current policy measures outlined in Outcome 6 focus on expanding renewable energy, streamlining planning for clean energy projects, and promoting sustainable land use, forestry, and agriculture. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan encourages nature-based solutions that reduce pollutants, while the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps minimise waste emissions. Policies such as the New Build Heat Standard and business sustainability initiatives further cut pollution from heating and industry. Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Future policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 will help to integrate decarbonisation into industry, agriculture, and infrastructure planning, thereby aiding in reducing emissions and improving air quality. The Strategic Spatial Energy Plan and upcoming Climate Change Plan will both help to further limit emissions across sectors. Sustainable marine development, enhanced agricultural support, and stricter procurement and taxation policies will likely help to reinforce low-carbon practices. Strengthened environmental policymaking, including wellbeing economy assessments and public sector training, will create opportunities to help to ensure air quality remains a priority. The Environment Strategy also seeks to support the implementation of the green industrial strategy by strengthening the focus on decarbonising existing industrial technologies, as well as greening the financial system and to explore options for a potential carbon land tax. These measures will improve air quality through reduced reliance on and combustion of fossil fuels, reducing emissions. Therefore, direct and indirect positive effects are expected in the medium to long term for SEA objective 4: Air. This is once legislation, infrastructure, literacy and standards are implemented, and technologies decarbonised.

SEA objective: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: Current policy measures outlined in Outcome 6 focus on expanding renewable energy, streamlining planning for clean energy projects, and promoting sustainable land use, forestry, and agriculture. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan encourages nature-based solutions that reduce pollutants, while the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps minimise waste emissions. Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 provide an indirect positive effect on soil from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

There are no future actions identified that result in an effect for 5: Soil.

SEA objective: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: Current policy measures outlined in Outcome 6 focus on expanding renewable energy, streamlining planning for clean energy projects, and promoting sustainable land use, forestry, and agriculture. The Biodiversity Delivery Plan encourages nature-based solutions that reduce pollutants, while the Circular Economy and Waste Route Map helps minimise waste emissions. Overall these current policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 provide an indirect positive effect on water from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

There are no future actions identified that result in an effect for 6: Water.

SEA objective: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: There are no actions identified that result in an effect for 7: Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage.

SEA objective: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: There are no actions identified that result in an effect for 8: Landscape, seascape and townscape.

SEA objective: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: The existing policy actions outlined in Outcome 6 focus on decarbonising industry, expanding renewable energy, improving energy infrastructure, and streamlining planning to accelerate the transition to net zero. Sustainable land use strategies, regenerative agriculture, and responsible forestry management ensure that natural resources are utilised effectively while supporting biodiversity. The circular economy is promoted through adopting circular business models, waste reduction initiatives, and fiscal measures like the Scottish Landfill Tax. Additionally, energy efficiency in buildings is being strengthened through the New Build Heat Standard and proposed Passivhaus-equivalent regulations. Therefore direct positive effects are expected in the medium to long term as a result of these current policy actions.

Regarding future actions outlined in Outcome 6, the Environment Strategy encourages the prudent use of natural resources through further developing Sustainable Procurement Tools to explore opportunities for strengthening delivery of circular economy and promote their use across the public sector. Additionally, it explores opportunities for introducing or strengthening standards for priority products identified through the forthcoming Product Stewardship Plan and engages with the UK Government to explore opportunities for aligning with the new EU Ecodesign Regulation. The future actions outlined in Outcome 6 also help to embed resource efficiency into industrial decarbonisation, infrastructure planning, and marine management. The Climate Change Plan and Strategic Spatial Energy Plan will likely help to optimise energy use across sectors, while the new agricultural support framework may encourage climate-friendly, circular practices. Strengthened product standards, sustainable procurement policies, and fiscal incentives like the Scottish Aggregates Tax will likely help to further drive efficient resource use. Enhanced environmental considerations in economic policymaking, alongside improved public sector climate literacy, will ensure long-term progress. These actions will result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term once tools and infrastructure upgrades are implemented.

SEA objective: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to ensure Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits

SEA findings for Outcome 6: Scotland’s net zero, nature positive and circular economy thrives within the planet’s sustainable limits: Accelerating policy actions outlined Outcome 6 such as the decarbonisation of existing industrial technologies will significantly reduce Scotland's environmental footprint (SEA objective 3a) and improve air quality (SEA objective 4). Greening the financial system and exploring options like a carbon land tax will further support sustainable development, emissions reduction and improve air quality, benefitting SEA objectives 3a, 3b and 4. Improving climate and nature literacy in the public sector and raising sustainability standards for products and services will promote greener practices (SEA objective 1, 3a and 3b) and public health and wellbeing (SEA objective 2). Additionally enhancing and accelerating the network of social enterprises and equality in policy development will improve the resilience of communities and quality of life and well-being, bringing further benefits for SEA objective 2.

Strengthening the circular economy and sustainability standards for services and products will improve emissions reductions and benefit material assets (SEA objective 9). Strengthening understanding of coordination with regional environmental initiatives, voluntary environmental risk management and new EU reporting requirements will enhance sustainability across sectors and help meet global standards sooner.

Further enhancing bioenergy to minimise impacts on biodiversity will increase benefits to SEA objective 1.

Mitigation and enhancement

B.28 More detail is recommended on:

• How private and public investment will be generated.
• Design of new due diligence requirements for tackling deforestation.
• Proposals to deliver a Scottish equivalent to the Passivhaus standard.
• Model for economic policy development that will integrate environmental sustainability.
• Focus on environmental impacts and opportunities during the negotiation and implementation of trade deals.
•  EU action on due diligence.
• Type of opportunities for strengthening climate and nature literacy across the public sector.
• Design of new due diligence requirements for tackling deforestation.
• Decarbonising existing industrial technologies.
• Sustainable Procurement Tools.

B.29 Timescales should be suggested for:

• Developing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.
• New Scottish Air Departure Tax.

Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks

B.30 Current actions:

• Scottish National Adaptation Plan 2024-2029

B.31 Future actions:

• Looking ahead, the Scottish Government will continue to build their resilience to climate change and nature-related risks by implementing the actions in our Adaptation Plan and Biodiversity Delivery Plan, as well as helping to tackle overseas nature loss through the pathway for the outcome ‘Scotland’s global environmental impact is sustainable’.
• The Scottish Government are integrating climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning in government. They will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management.

Table 8.8: Assessment findings for Outcome 7

SEA objective: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which benefits Scotland’s biodiversity, including those which aim to strengthen Scotland’s climate resilience by integrating nature-based solutions, sustainable land management, and targeted conservation. The Adaptation Plan also enhances ecological connectivity, protects habitats, and supports adaptive restoration through Nature Networks, water management, and community-led action. Strategic investment and monitoring requirements also help to ensure Scotland’s biodiversity thrives in a changing climate. In addition, current policy requirements, such as those in the SBS, set out the aim for Scotland to be a net zero and nature positive nation which will further aid in protecting and enhancing biodiversity. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. These aims will all aid in protecting and enhancing biodiversity in Scotland, in particular by increasing its resilience to the effects of climate change. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 2 Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which benefits health and wellbeing in Scotland such as those which aim to strengthen climate resilience to protect public health and wellbeing. It also integrates nature-based solutions, resilient infrastructure, and healthcare adaptation to reduce risks from extreme weather, air pollution, and resource insecurity. By enhancing green spaces, food and water security, and NHS preparedness, the plan promotes healthier environments and safeguards vulnerable communities. In addition, it promotes a just transition approach which aims to ensure fair and inclusive adaptation which would help to build a healthier, more resilient Scotland. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 also aims, in the future, to continue to enhance Scotland’s resilience by integrating climate and nature risk management into government planning, protecting ecosystems, strengthening public services, and supporting businesses. By implementing the Adaptation Plan and Biodiversity Delivery Plan, it reduces pollution, food insecurity, and climate-related health risks while promoting economic stability. Tackling global nature loss further strengthens resource security, creating healthier, more resilient communities for the future. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which minimises greenhouse gas emissions by integrating nature-based solutions, sustainable land management, and low-carbon infrastructure. Restoring peatlands, woodlands, and marine ecosystems enhances carbon sequestration, while climate-smart agriculture and forestry reduce emissions from land use. The plan also promotes energy-efficient buildings, resilient transport, and improved water management to limit emissions from urban development and industry. Through green technology, policy integration, and behavioural change, Scotland strengthens climate resilience while advancing its net-zero goals. In addition, current policy requirements, such as those in the Biodiversity Strategy set out the aim for Scotland to be a net zero nation which will further aid in mitigating emissions. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 also will reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a result of its future commitments including integrating climate and nature risk management into government planning, supporting ecosystem restoration, and promoting low-carbon development. By implementing the Adaptation and Biodiversity Delivery Plans and tackling overseas nature loss, it enhances carbon sequestration while preventing emissions from degraded landscapes. Supporting businesses in environmental risk management encourages greener technologies and sustainable practices, cutting emissions from industry and infrastructure. Such future policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan strengthens Scotland’s resilience to climate change, including by outlining policy aiming to integrate nature-based solutions, climate-proof infrastructure, and empower communities. It also supports biodiversity, enhances public services, and fosters a just transition, ensuring vulnerable groups are protected. Such current policy requirements therefore provide a direct positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy strengthens Scotland’s climate resilience by integrating environmental risks into government planning, enhancing proactive decision-making, and implementing the Adaptation Plan and Biodiversity Delivery Plan. It supports nature-based defences, helps businesses manage risks, and promotes sustainability, ensuring a more adaptive and resilient Scotland. These policy aims therefore provide a direct positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which improves air quality by promoting nature-based solutions, sustainable transport, and low-emission practices. It also includes requirements in relation to woodland expansion, peatland restoration, and urban green spaces which help filter pollutants, while outlined investment in active travel and public transport will help to reduce emissions from vehicles. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy improves Scotland’s air quality by promoting nature-based solutions, cleaner business practices, and proactive environmental risk management. By integrating climate risks into planning and tackling emissions locally and globally, it reduces pollution and supports a healthier environment. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which enhances Scotland’s resilience to climate change by protecting soils and geological sites from flooding, erosion, and degradation. It also promotes nature-based solutions, sustainable land management, and peatland restoration to safeguard soil health. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy will enhance Scotland’s soil resources and geological sites by integrating climate and nature risks into government planning, promoting sustainable land management, peatland restoration, and nature-based solutions. By embedding risk management in businesses and governance, it supports proactive conservation, preventing soil degradation and geodiversity loss, while safeguarding biodiversity and carbon storage. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which aims to enhance water quality, groundwater security, and flood resilience including through nature-based solutions, sustainable drainage, and river restoration. By integrating wetland protection, peatland recovery, and flood warning systems, the plan mitigates pollution, drought, and extreme weather impacts. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This outcome enhances water quality, flood resilience, and groundwater protection by embedding climate and nature risk management into government planning. Through the Adaptation and Biodiversity Delivery Plans, it supports ecosystem restoration, natural flood management, and sustainable drainage systems, improving water retention and filtration. Integrating climate risk assessment ensures resilient water infrastructure and land use, while helping businesses adopt sustainable water practices. Tackling global nature loss further strengthens long-term resource security, ensuring a sustainable water future for Scotland. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which helps to safeguard Scotland’s historic environment, cultural heritage, and built quality by aiming to integrate climate resilience into planning and conservation. This therefore protects historic buildings, monuments, and public spaces from flooding, extreme weather, and erosion through using sustainable materials, nature-based solutions, and adaptive heritage management. Urban greening and flood defences mitigate climate risks to cultural and archaeological heritage. In addition, by fostering community engagement and sustainable development, the plan helps to ensure Scotland’s heritage and unique built environment are preserved for future generations. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy safeguards Scotland’s historic environment and built heritage by integrating climate and nature risk management into planning. Through the Adaptation and Biodiversity Delivery Plans, it protects historic buildings, settlements, and landscapes from flooding and extreme weather using sustainable materials, adaptive conservation, and nature-based solutions. Supporting businesses in environmental risk management promotes sustainable restoration, while tackling global nature loss helps preserve cultural landscapes. By fostering resilient urban design and proactive adaptation, the policy ensures Scotland’s heritage and built character endure for future generations. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which helps to enhance Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes by aiming to integrate nature-based solutions, sustainable land management, and climate-adaptive planning. It supports peatland, woodland, and coastal restoration, strengthening urban resilience through green infrastructure, and protecting blue carbon habitats to safeguard seascapes. Adaptive planning policies help to ensure development aligns with climate resilience while preserving Scotland’s natural and cultural identity. Through community-led adaptation, the plan aids in fostering local stewardship, helping to secure Scotland’s landscapes for future generations. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy helps to enhance Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes by integrating climate and nature risk management into planning. Through the Adaptation and Biodiversity Delivery Plans, it supports ecosystem restoration, green infrastructure, and sustainable land use, preserving natural and built environments. Helping businesses adopt environmental risk management promotes low-impact development and responsible coastal management, while tackling global nature loss safeguards interconnected ecosystems. This helps to ensure that Scotland’s distinctive natural beauty and cultural heritage are protected for future generations. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 7 which help to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks include those within the Scottish National Adaptation Plan. The Adaptation Plan includes policy which helps to enhance Scotland’s resource and energy efficiency by promoting nature-based solutions, climate-resilient infrastructure, and sustainable land and water management. By integrating adaptation into agriculture, forestry, and industry, the plan helps to reduce waste, optimise resource use, and support renewable energy, actions which will ensure long-term sustainability and resilience. Such current policy requirements therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the existing policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

Outcome 7 outlines that in the future the Scottish Government plans to continue to build resilience to climate change and nature-related risks and tackle overseas nature loss. In addition, they plan to integrate climate- and nature-related risks into their approach to horizon scanning and risk-management in government, and that they will also explore opportunities for helping businesses to benefit from improved environmental risk management. This policy helps to enhance Scotland’s resource and energy efficiency by integrating climate risks into planning, promoting sustainable land and water management, supporting cleaner technologies, and reducing supply chain impacts, ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience. These policy aims therefore provide an indirect positive effect from the future policy framework, bringing about change in the medium to long term.

SEA objective: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks

SEA findings for Outcome 7: We build Scotland’s resilience to climate change and other global environmental risks: Enhancing the future policy actions of the Scottish Environment Strategy to “do more and sooner” would significantly strengthen Scotland’s resilience to climate change and global environmental risks and therefore deliver positive effects in the short term across multiple SEA objectives.

By accelerating the implementation of future policy action outlined in Outcome 7 such as the Adaptation Plan and Biodiversity Delivery Plan, Scotland would better protect, maintain, and enhance designated sites, habitats, and protected species (SEA objective 1). Earlier adoption of nature-based solutions such as peatland restoration and coastal habitat protection would mitigate biodiversity loss while helping Scotland adapt to climate change (SEA objective 3b). Similarly, by tackling overseas nature loss through its commitment to making Scotland’s global environmental impact sustainable, the government could support conservation beyond national borders.

A stronger and more immediate integration of climate- and nature-related risks into government horizon scanning and risk management would provide earlier identification of environmental threats, improving public health and wellbeing (SEA objective 2). Proactively addressing extreme weather events, air pollution, and water scarcity would reduce climate-related health risks and increase community resilience.

Supporting businesses in improving environmental risk management would help minimise greenhouse gas emissions (SEA objective 3a) and drive more efficient use of natural resources and energy (SEA objective 9). Encouraging industries to adopt low-carbon and climate-resilient strategies earlier would accelerate Scotland’s transition to net zero while boosting sustainable economic growth. Additionally, advancing sustainable land and marine management would conserve soil resources (SEA objective 5) and improve the quality and quantity of waterbodies and groundwater while reducing flood risks (SEA objective 6).

Accelerating the Adaptation Plan and Biodiversity Delivery Plan would protect historic settlements and cultural heritage (SEA objective 7) through early climate risk management, adaptive reuse of buildings, and sustainable infrastructure. Integrating climate- and nature-related risks into government planning would enable proactive conservation against flooding and erosion, while supporting businesses in environmental risk management would enhance resilience.

Expediting nature-based solutions and global environmental action would also conserve Scotland’s landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes (SEA objective 8) by restoring peatlands, forests, and coastal habitats, strengthening climate defences, and enhancing biodiversity.

Mitigation and enhancement

B.32 The Environment Strategy should include proposals on how to bring about change in the shorter term, identifying the resources required to achieve change at a faster rate.

B.33 Policy on resilience to climate and nature-related risks could be improved by enhancing integration, funding, and accountability measures.

Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice

B.34 Current actions:

• The Scottish Government is guided by statutory just transition principles and advice and scrutiny from their independent Just Transition Commission.
• In 2023, The Scottish Government published a Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan.
• The Scottish Government have allocated £75 million of their a ten-year £500 million Just Transition Fund to support projects and communities across the North East and Moray.
• A just transition approach is already embedded in Natural Capital Market Framework and the Biodiversity Delivery Plan commits to strengthening the Scottish Government’s understanding of how just transition principles can be applied to their transition to a nature positive future.
• The Scottish Government are supporting community-led action and public participation through Community Climate Action Hubs and community energy and forestry projects.
• The Scottish Government are committed to taking action to address environmental health inequalities exist in Scotland, including through their policies on environmental quality and climate adaptation.
• The Scottish Government will continue to explore opportunities for using rights based approaches to strengthen environmental justice in Scotland. This will include supporting people’s right to access to justice on environmental matters, under the Aarhus Convention.
• Climate justice is embedded as a principle in the Scottish Government’s 2019 Climate Change Act and is at the heart of their International Strategy. Scotland was the first nation to commit funds specifically to climate justice, launching the Climate Justice Fund in 2012, and they committed to trebling this to £36 million over the course of this Parliamentary Term.
• The Scottish Government were also the first Global North government to commit finance explicitly to address loss and damage, including £10 million from their Climate Justice Fund.
• The Scottish Government are partnering with the Climate Justice Resilience Fund to deliver a £5 million programme of non-economic loss and damage interventions, with a specific emphasis on supporting women and girls.
• Climate justice will continue to be a key area of focus in Scotland’s international engagement, including through the Scottish Government’s Feminist Approach to International Relations and their commitment to amplify the voices of communities and institutions in the Global South.
• The Scottish Government are currently consulting on a Draft Grangemouth Just Transition Plan and have allocated £75 million of their a ten-year £500 million Just Transition Fund to support projects and communities across the North East and Moray.

B.35 Future actions:

• The Scottish Government will consider Stockholm Environment Institute recommendations in the design of future policies from their evidence review on the most effective approaches for supporting community action and engagement.
• The Scottish Government are currently consulting on a Draft Grangemouth Just Transition Plan and Draft Plans for the Transport and Land Use and Agriculture sectors.

Table 8.9: Assessment findings for Outcome 8

SEA objective: 1. Biodiversity, flora and fauna

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: Regarding current actions outlined in Outcome 8, the existing policy framework sets out ambitions for nature-based solutions and for infrastructure, transport and communities to enhance biodiversity and increase resilience. In addition, community-led initiatives, such as Climate Action Hubs and forestry projects, empower local stewardship of natural resources, promoting sustainable land management that benefits ecosystems. Depending on the measures taken, these are likely to protect, maintain, and where possible, enhance designated sites, habitats and protected species. Therefore, an indirect positive effect is identified for the medium and long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 2. Population and human health

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: Current actions outlined in Outcome 8 such as the integration of just transition principles into national strategies, supported by the Just Transition Commission, helps reduce socio-economic inequalities that impact health. Investments through the Just Transition Fund in regions like the North East and Moray support local economies, reducing stress and promoting mental wellbeing. Efforts to tackle environmental health inequalities through improved environmental quality and climate adaptation measures reduce exposure to pollutants and climate risks, particularly for vulnerable communities. Initiatives such as Community Climate Action Hubs and community forestry projects enhance social cohesion and empower communities, strengthening mental and physical health. Additionally, rights-based approaches to environmental justice promote wellbeing by ensuring public participation in environmental decision-making. Contributions to the loss and damage fund will support human health in countries affected by climate change. Therefore, these will result in direct positive effects primarily in the medium and long-term, depending on the timescale and nature of each project. However existing policy actions such as the use of the Just Transition Fund, support for community-led action through Community Climate Action Hubs and community energy and forestry projects, partnership with the Climate Justice Resilience Fund to support women and girls through non-economic loss and damage interventions may also have short term effects.

Future actions outlined in Outcome 8 include considering Stockholm Environment Institute recommendations from their evidence review on the most effective approaches for supporting community action and engagement in the design of future policies. This is likely to strengthen community engagement, fostering resilient, connected communities essential for good mental health. Therefore, a direct positive effect in the medium to long-term is likely once policies are implemented.

SEA objective: 3a. Climate change mitigation

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 8 support a just transition approach, which includes efforts to produce energy efficient homes and decarbonise infrastructure, transport and communities. Additionally, it supports community climate action hubs and community energy projects. These may help to reduce emissions sources and support the protection of low carbon and renewable energy generating and transmission sources in the short to long-term, depending on the form of climate action taken. Therefore, indirect positive effects are expected for climate mitigation.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 3b. Climate change adaptation

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 8 seek to address loss and damage through funding sources. In addition, community-led initiatives like Climate Action Hubs and forestry projects foster local resilience by promoting sustainable practices that help communities adapt. Additionally, embedding a just transition approach involves building infrastructure, transport and communities which are climate resilient. These will likely support climate adaption, depending on the nature of the projects. Therefore, an indirect positive effect is expected in the short to long-term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 4. Air

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The existing policy commitments outlined in Outcome 8 support a just transition approach, which includes efforts to produce energy efficient homes and decarbonise infrastructure, transport and communities. Community-led initiatives, such as Climate Action Hubs and forestry projects, further promote sustainable practices and renewable energy, reducing emissions from localised sources. These may help to improve air quality through reduced reliance on and combustion of fossil fuels in the short to long-term, depending on the measures taken. Therefore, an indirect positive effect is identified for Air.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 5. Soil

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: Regarding existing policy actions outlined in Outcome 8, sustainable land management and community-led projects, including community forestry, enhance soil permeability and water retention, reducing flood risk and promoting healthy waterbodies. Policies addressing environmental health inequalities also improve flood resilience in vulnerable areas, ensuring better preparedness for climate-related water risks. These actions are likely to result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 6. Water

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: Regarding existing policy actions outlined in Outcome 8, sustainable land management and community-led projects, including community forestry, enhance soil permeability and water retention, reducing flood risk and promoting healthy waterbodies. Policies addressing environmental health inequalities also improve flood resilience in vulnerable areas, ensuring better preparedness for climate-related water risks. These actions are likely to result in indirect positive effects in the medium to long term.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 7. Cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 8. Landscape, seascape and townscape

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: 9. Material assets

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: The current actions in Outcome 8 provide financial contributions to address loss and damage which could support critical infrastructure internationally. This will result in an indirect minor positive effect in the short, medium and long term once actions are implemented.

The future actions outlined in Outcome 8 are not expected to have an effect on this SEA objective.

SEA objective: Reasonable Alternative - doing more and sooner to ensure these transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice

SEA findings for Outcome 8: These transformations are achieved through a just transition and support climate and environmental justice: Although future actions identified in Outcome 8 are limited, ‘doing more and sooner’ could bring positive effects, particularly for population and health (SEA objective 2). Further strengthening effective approaches for supporting community action and engagement in the design of future policies is likely to increase the benefits to community resilience and quality of living environment.

Mitigation and enhancement

• Further detail is required into how the Scottish Government can achieve just transition and support climate and environmental justice, considering all nine SEA Topics.
• Specific targets for loss and damage interventions are recommended.
• Community climate action hubs targets are recommended.