Biodiversity strategy to 2045: tackling the nature emergency - draft
This draft biodiversity strategy sets out our clear ambition for Scotland to be Nature Positive by 2030, and to have restored and regenerated biodiversity across the country by 2045.
Annex 1
CBD Indicators Proposed (Shortlist In Bold)
NB both the EU and CBD Goals, Targets and Indicators outlined in this document are still being negotiated and this part of the document will therefore need to be updated following the conclusion of CoP15 and subsequent publication of the new global biodiversity framework.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal A
The integrity of all ecosystems is enhanced, with an increase of at least 15 per cent in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems, supporting healthy and resilient populations of all species, the rate of extinctions has been reduced at least tenfold, and the risk of species extinctions across all taxonomic and functional groups, is halved, and genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with at least 90 per cent of genetic diversity
Milestone A.1
Net gain in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural systems of at least 5 per cent.
Milestone A.2
The increase in the extinction rate is halted or reversed, and the extinction risk is reduced by at least 10 per cent, with a decrease in the proportion of species that are threatened, and the abundance and distribution of populations of species is enhanced or at least maintained.
Milestone A.3
Genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with an increase in the proportion of species that have at least 90 per cent of their genetic diversity maintained. within all species maintained.
Name of indicator
Extent of natural ecosystems by type (HI[16]sup 1)
Metric
1. Extent – HabMoS
2. Connectivity – Connectivity and extent of woodland, heathland, grassland and marsh by EUNIS habitat type
Related EU Restoration target
1.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal A
The integrity of all ecosystems is enhanced, with an increase of at least 15 per cent in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems, supporting healthy and resilient populations of all species, the rate of extinctions has been reduced at least tenfold, and the risk of species extinctions across all taxonomic and functional groups, is halved, and genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with at least 90 per cent of genetic diversity
Milestone A.1
Net gain in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural systems of at least 5 per cent.
Milestone A.2
The increase in the extinction rate is halted or reversed, and the extinction risk is reduced by at least 10 per cent, with a decrease in the proportion of species that are threatened, and the abundance and distribution of populations of species is enhanced or at least maintained.
Milestone A.3
Genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with an increase in the proportion of species that have at least 90 per cent of their genetic diversity maintained. within all species maintained.
Name of indicator
Red List Index (species) (HI 2)
Metric
Related EU Restoration target
1.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal A
The integrity of all ecosystems is enhanced, with an increase of at least 15 per cent in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural ecosystems, supporting healthy and resilient populations of all species, the rate of extinctions has been reduced at least tenfold, and the risk of species extinctions across all taxonomic and functional groups, is halved, and genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with at least 90 per cent of genetic diversity
Milestone A.1
Net gain in the area, connectivity and integrity of natural systems of at least 5 per cent.
Milestone A.2
The increase in the extinction rate is halted or reversed, and the extinction risk is reduced by at least 10 per cent, with a decrease in the proportion of species that are threatened, and the abundance and distribution of populations of species is enhanced or at least maintained.
Milestone A.3
Genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species is safeguarded, with an increase in the proportion of species that have at least 90 per cent of their genetic diversity maintained. within all species maintained.
Name of indicator
The proportion of populations within species with an effective population size > 500 (HI 3)
Metric
Tracked through Scorecard
Related EU Restoration target
NA but related to 2, 6
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal B
Nature’s contributions to people are valued, maintained or enhanced through conservation and sustainable use supporting the global development agenda for the benefit of all;
Milestone B.1
Nature and its contributions to people are fully accounted and inform all relevant public and private decisions.
Milestone B.2
The long-term sustainability of all categories of nature’s contributions to people is ensured, with those currently in decline restored, contributing to each of the relevant Sustainable Development Goals.
Name of indicator
Functions and services provided by ecosystems, by service type (HI 4)
Metric
Scottish Natural Capital Accounts and Wellbeing index
Related EU Restoration target
NA
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal B
Nature’s contributions to people are valued, maintained or enhanced through conservation and sustainable use supporting the global development agenda for the benefit of all;
Milestone B.1
Nature and its contributions to people are fully accounted and inform all relevant public and private decisions.
Milestone B.2
The long-term sustainability of all categories of nature’s contributions to people is ensured, with those currently in decline restored, contributing to each of the relevant Sustainable Development Goals.
Name of indicator
Ecological Footprint (HI 5)
Metric
Related EU Restoration target
NA
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal C
The benefits from the utilization of genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably, with a substantial increase in both monetary and non-monetary benefits shared, including for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Milestone C.1
The share of monetary benefits received by providers, including holders of traditional knowledge, has increased.
Milestone C.2
Non-monetary benefits, such as the participation of providers, including holders of traditional knowledge, in research and development, has increased.
Name of indicator
Indicator on monetary benefits tbc (HI 6)
Metric
Income from Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) agreements
Related EU Restoration target
NA
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal C
The benefits from the utilization of genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably, with a substantial increase in both monetary and non-monetary benefits shared, including for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Milestone C.1
The share of monetary benefits received by providers, including holders of traditional knowledge, has increased.
Milestone C.2
Non-monetary benefits, such as the participation of providers, including holders of traditional knowledge, in research and development, has increased.
Name of indicator
Indicator on non-monetary benefits tbc (HI 7)
Metric
Number of research & development products from an ABS agreement
Related EU Restoration target
NA
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal D
The gap between available financial and other means of implementation, and those necessary to achieve the 2050 Vision, is closed.
Milestone D.1
Adequate financial resources to implement the framework are available and deployed, progressively closing the financing gap up to at least US $700 billion per year by 2030.
Milestone D.2
Adequate other means, including capacity-building and development, technical and scientific cooperation and technology transfer to implement the framework to 2030 are available and deployed.
Milestone D.3
Adequate financial and other resources for the period 2030 to 2040 are planned or committed by 2030
Name of indicator
ODA for biodiversity (SDG 15.a.1) (HI 8)
Metric
Reserved matter for State Party indicator
Related EU Restoration target
n/a
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Goal D
The gap between available financial and other means of implementation, and those necessary to achieve the 2050 Vision, is closed.
Milestone D.1
Adequate financial resources to implement the framework are available and deployed, progressively closing the financing gap up to at least US $700 billion per year by 2030.
Milestone D.2
Adequate other means, including capacity-building and development, technical and scientific cooperation and technology transfer to implement the framework to 2030 are available and deployed.
Milestone D.3
Adequate financial and other resources for the period 2030 to 2040 are planned or committed by 2030
Name of indicator
Public and private expenditure (HI 9)
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 1
Ensure that all land and sea areas globally are under integrated biodiversity-inclusive spatial planning addressing land- and sea-use change, retaining existing intact and wilderness areas.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Use other relevant component of complementary indicators or other national indicators. Possible binary/tick-list indicator
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 2
Ensure that at least 20 per cent of degraded freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems are under restoration, ensuring connectivity among them and focusing on priority ecosystems.
Name of indicator
Area under restoration (HI 10)
Metric
Follow EU methodology
Related EU Restoration target
1,3,5,6,7
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 3
Ensure that at least 30 per cent globally of land areas and of sea areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and its contributions to people, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.
Name of indicator
Coverage of protected areas and OECMs, by effectiveness, KBA[17]sups & ecosystems (HI 11)
Metric
% of land and sea covered by protected areas and OECMs.
Effective management metric to be defined by CBD
Related EU Restoration target
1
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 4
Ensure active management actions to enable the recovery and conservation of species and the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated species, including through ex situ conservation, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to avoid or reduce human-wildlife conflict.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. HI 2 & HI 3 are relevant. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 5
Ensure that the harvesting, trade and use of wild species is sustainable, legal, and safe for human health.
Name of indicator
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (HI 12)
Metric
Sustainability of fish stocks NPI
Related EU Restoration target
6
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 6
Manage pathways for the introduction of invasive alien species, preventing, or reducing their rate of introduction and establishment by at least 50 per cent, and control or eradicate invasive alien species to eliminate or reduce their impacts, focusing on priority species and priority sites.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators. Possible binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with legislation and resources for prevention and control of IAS
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 7
Reduce pollution from all sources to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and human health, including by reducing nutrients lost to the environment by at least half, and pesticides by at least two thirds and eliminating the discharge of plastic waste.
Name of indicator
Index of coastal eutrophication potential (SDG 14.1.1a) (HI 13)
Metric
Method: SDG 14.1.1a
Related EU Restoration target
6
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 8
Minimize the impact of climate change on biodiversity, contribute to mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem-based approaches, contributing at least 10 GtCO2e per year to global mitigation efforts, and ensure that all mitigation and adaptation efforts avoid negative impacts on biodiversity.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. HI 4, 5, 10, 11 & 17 are relevant. Use other component or complementary indicators or other national indicators. Possible binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans reflecting biodiversity.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 9
Ensure benefits, including nutrition, food security, medicines, and livelihoods for people especially for the most vulnerable through sustainable management of wild terrestrial, freshwater and marine species and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. HI 2 & 5 are relevant. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 10
Ensure all areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, increasing the productivity and resilience of these production systems.
Name of indicator
Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture (SDG 2.4.1) (HI 14)
Metric
Method; SDG 2.4.1. Updated UK and Scottish figures not yet available following method change by UN
Related EU Restoration target
5
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 10
Ensure all areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, increasing the productivity and resilience of these production systems.
Name of indicator
Progress towards sustainable forest management (SDG 15.2.1(4,5)) (HI 15)
Metric
SDG 15.2.1 for Scotland and UK
Related EU Restoration target
3
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 11
Maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to regulation of air quality, quality and quantity of water, and protection from hazards and extreme events for all people.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. HI 5 is relevant. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 12
Increase the area of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces, for human health and wellbeing in urban areas and other densely populated areas.
Name of indicator
Average share of the built-up area of cities that is green/blue space for public use for all (SDG 11.7.1) (HI 16)
Metric
SDG 11.7.1 for Scotland and UK
Related EU Restoration target
4
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 13
Implement measures at global level and in all countries to facilitate access to genetic resources and to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, and as relevant, of associated traditional knowledge, including through mutually agreed terms and prior and informed consent.
Name of indicator
Goal C indicators (HI 6 & 7) also apply to target 13. Possible binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with legislation, administrative or policy frameworks for ABS.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 14
Fully integrate biodiversity values into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, accounts, and assessments of environmental impacts at all levels of government and across all sectors of the economy, ensuring that all activities and financial flows are aligned with biodiversity values.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. HI 9, 19 & 20 are relevant. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators. Possible Binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with policies, regulations, planning, development processes etc to integrate values of biodiversity
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 15
All businesses (public and private, large, medium and small) assess and report on their dependencies and impacts on biodiversity, from local to global, and progressively reduce negative impacts, by at least half and increase positive impacts, reducing biodiversity-related risks to businesses and moving towards the full sustainability of extraction and production practices, sourcing and supply chains, and use and disposal.
Name of indicator
Dependencies and impacts of businesses on biodiversity/disclosures (HI 17)
Metric
Corporate reporting currently reserved
Related EU Restoration target
NA
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 16
Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make responsible choices and have access to relevant information and alternatives, taking into account cultural preferences, to reduce by at least half the waste and, where relevant the overconsumption, of food and other materials.
Name of indicator
Ecological footprint (HI 5) or global environmental impacts of consumption (HI 18)
Metric
See HI5
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 17
Establish, strengthen capacity for, and implement measures in all countries to prevent, manage or control potential adverse impacts of biotechnology on biodiversity and human health, reducing the risk of these impacts.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Use other relevant component or complementary indicators or other national indicators. Possible binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with capacity and measures in place to prevent, manage and control potential impacts of LMOs/biotechnology
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 18
Redirect, repurpose, reform or eliminate incentives harmful for biodiversity, in a just and equitable way, reducing them by at least US$ 500 billion per year, including all of the most harmful subsidies, and ensure that incentives, including public and private economic and regulatory incentives, are either positive or neutral for biodiversity.
Name of indicator
Value/% of subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity re-directed, re-purposed or eliminated (HI 19)
Metric
Value of direct and indirect subsidies to activities harmful to biodiversity
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 18
Redirect, repurpose, reform or eliminate incentives harmful for biodiversity, in a just and equitable way, reducing them by at least US$ 500 billion per year, including all of the most harmful subsidies, and ensure that incentives, including public and private economic and regulatory incentives, are either positive or neutral for biodiversity.
Name of indicator
Positive incentives in place to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (HI 20)
Metric
Value of direct and indirect subsidies to activities which promote biodiversity & sustainable use
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 19.1
Increase financial resources from all sources to at least US$ 200 billion per year, including new, additional and effective financial resources, increasing by at least US$ 10 billion per year international financial flows to developing countries, leveraging private finance, and increasing domestic resource mobilization, taking into account national biodiversity finance planning, and strengthen capacity-building and technology transfer and scientific cooperation, to meet the needs for implementation, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the framework.
Name of indicator
Goal D indicators (HI 8 & 9) apply to target 19.1. HI 19 & 20 are also relevant.
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 19.2
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Use other relevant HI, component and complementary indicators and national indicators. Possible binary/checklist indicator
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 20
Ensure that relevant knowledge, including the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous peoples and local communities with their free, prior, and informed consent, guides decision-making for the effective management of biodiversity, enabling monitoring, and by promoting awareness, education and research.
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Use other relevant HI, component and complementary indicators and other national indicators. Possible binary/tick-list indicator
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 21
Ensure equitable and effective participation in decision-making related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, and respect their rights over lands, territories and resources, as well as by women and girls, and youth.
Name of indicator
Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land (SDG Indicator 1.4.2) (HI 21)
Metric
SDG 1.4.2 for UK, no Scotland breakout available. Indicator under development
Draft CBD Goals and Targets
Target 22
Name of indicator
No additional dedicated HI proposed. Binary/tick-list indicator: No of countries with legal framework guaranteeing women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control (SDG 5.a.2)
Proposed EU Nature Restoration Law Targets
1. targets based on existing legislation (for each of the following habitats: improving and re-establishing biodiverse habitats on a large scale, and bringing back species populations by improving and enlarging their habitats)
1.1. wetlands,
1.2. forests,
1.3. grasslands,
1.4. river and lakes,
1.5. heath & scrub,
1.6. rocky habitats and
1.7. dunes) -
2. pollinating insects –
2.1. reversing the decline of pollinator populations by 2030; and
2.2. achieving an increasing trend for pollinator populations, with a methodology for regular monitoring of pollinators.
3. forest ecosystems –
3.1. achieving an increasing trend for standing and lying deadwood;
3.2. uneven aged forests;
3.3. forest connectivity;
3.4. abundance of common forest birds ;and
3.5. stock of organic carbon.
4. urban ecosystems –
4.1. no net loss of green urban space by 2030; and
4.2. an increase in the total area covered by green urban space by 2040 and 2050.
5. agricultural ecosystems –
5.1. increasing grassland butterflies;
5.2. increasing farmland birds;
5.3. the stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soil (tonnes of organic carbon/ha);
5.4. the share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features; and
5.5. estoring drained peatlands under agricultural use.
6. marine ecosystems –
6.1. restoring marine habitats such as seagrass beds or sediment bottoms that deliver significant benefits, including for climate change mitigation;, and
6.2. restoring the habitats of iconic marine species such as dolphins and porpoises, sharks and seabirds.
7. river connectivity –
7.1. identifying and removing barriers that prevent the connectivity of surface waters, so that at least 25 000 km of rivers are restored to a free-flowing state by 2030
Contact
This strategy was updated and published in September 2023. Read the updated version of the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045.
Email: biodiversity@gov.scot
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