References
Anderson, H. B., Robinson, A., Siddharthan, A., Sharma, N., Bostock, H., Salisbury, A., Roberts, S., & Van Der Wal, R. (2020). Citizen science data reveals the need for keeping garden plant recommendations up-to-date to help pollinators. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20483.
Andrade, R., van Riper, C. J., Goodson, D., Johnson, D. N., & Stewart, W. (2022). Learning pathways for engagement: Understanding drivers of pro-environmental behavior in the context of protected area management. Journal of Environmental Management, 323, 116204.
Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F., & Falk, A. (2024). Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action. Nature Climate Change, 14(3), 253–259.
Aota, Y., & Soga, M. (2024). Both frequency and diversity of childhood nature experiences are associated with self‐reported pro‐biodiversity behaviours in adulthood. People and Nature, 6(2), 792–799.
Ardoin, N., Bowers, A., & Gaillard, E. (2020). Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biological Conservation, 241.
Arhant, C., Heizmann, V., Schauberger, G., & Windschnurer, I. (2022). Risks and benefits of collar use in cats (Felis catus); a literature review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 55–56, 35–47.
Baldock, K. C. R., Goddard, M. A., Hicks, D. M., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Morse, H., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K. M., Scott, A. V., Staniczenko, P. P. A., Stone, G. N., Vaughan, I. P., & Memmott, J. (2019). A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(3), 363–373.
Balmford, A., Bradbury, R. B., Bauer, J. M., Broad, S., Burgess, G., Burgman, M., Byerly, H., Clayton, S., Espelosin, D., & Ferraro, P. J. (2021). Making more effective use of human behavioural science in conservation interventions. Biological Conservation, 261, 109256.
Barbett, L., Stupple, E. J., Sweet, M., Schofield, M. B., & Richardson, M. (2020). Measuring actions for nature—Development and validation of a pro-nature conservation behaviour scale. Sustainability, 12(12), 4885.
Bateman, P. W., & Gilson, L. N. (2025). Bad dog? The environmental effects of owned dogs. Pacific Conservation Biology, 31(3).
Beasley, R., Carbone, C., Brooker, A., Rowcliffe, M., & Waage, J. (2023). Investigating the impacts of humans and dogs on the spatial and temporal activity of wildlife in urban woodlands. Urban Ecosystems, 26(6), 1843–1852.
Belcher, C. M., Brown, I., Clay, G. D., Doerr, S. H., Elliott, A., Gazzard, R., Kettridge, N., Morison, J., Perry, M., & Smith, ℡. (2021). UK wildfires and their climate challenges. Expert Led Report Prepared for the Third Climate Change Risk Assessment.
Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J., & Weibull, A. (2005). The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(2), 261–269.
Bengtsson, J., Bullock, J. M., Egoh, B., Everson, C., Everson, T., O’Connor, T., O’Farrell, P. J., Smith, H. G., & Lindborg, R. (2019). Grasslands—More important for ecosystem services than you might think. Ecosphere, 10(2), e02582.
Benton, T. G., Bieg, C., Harwatt, H., Pudasaini, R., & Wellesley, L. (2021). Food system impacts on biodiversity loss. Three Levers for Food System Transformation in Support of Nature. Chatham House, London, 02–03.
Bonnet, C., Bouamra-Mechemache, Z., Réquillart, V., & Treich, N. (2020). Regulating meat consumption to improve health, the environment and animal welfare. Food Policy, 97, 101847.
Borg, K., Hatty, M., Klebl, C., Wibisono, S., Smith, L., Louis, W., & Dean, A. J. (2024). Backing biodiversity: Understanding nature conservation behaviour and policy support in Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 33(8), 2593–2613.
Bosone, L., Chaurand, N., & Chevrier, M. (2022). To change or not to change? Perceived psychological barriers to individuals’ behavioural changes in favour of biodiversity conservation. Ecosystems and People, 18(1), 315–328.
Britton, J. R., Lynch, A. J., Bardal, H., Bradbeer, S. J., Coetzee, J. A., Coughlan, N. E., Dalu, T., Tricarico, E., Gallardo, B., Lintermans, M., Lucy, F., Liu, C., Olden, J. D., Raghavan, R., & Pritchard, E. G. (2023). Preventing and controlling nonnative species invasions to bend the curve of global freshwater biodiversity loss. Environmental Reviews, 31(2), 195–359.
Broughton, R. K., & Pocock, M. J. O. (2022). The opportunities for semi-structured and effort recording to enhance the value of biological recording by volunteers. JNCC.
Brown, M., Tostes Ribeiro, I., Lestari, W. P., Beale, C., Papworth, S., Veríssimo, D., & Wells, V. (2024). Behaviour Change for Achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework evidence synthesis. CASCADE.
Brügger, A., Dessai, S., Devine-Wright, P., Morton, T. A., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2015). Psychological responses to the proximity of climate change. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1031–1037.
Burgess, P., Staley, J., Hurley, P. D., Rose, D. C., Redhead, J., McCracken, M. E., Girkin, N., Deeks, L., & Harris, J. A. (2023) Evaluating the Productivity, Environmental Sustainability and Wider Impacts of Agroecological compared to Conventional Farming Systems. Defra.
Byerly, H., Balmford, A., Ferraro, P. J., Hammond Wagner, C., Palchak, E., Polasky, S., Ricketts, T. H., Schwartz, A. J., & Fisher, B. (2018). Nudging pro-environmental behavior: Evidence and opportunities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(3), 159–168.
Cameron, R. (2023). “Do we need to see gardens in a new light?” Recommendations for policy and practice to improve the ecosystem services derived from domestic gardens. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 80, 127820.
Cecchetti, M., Crowley, S., & McDonald, R. (2021). Drivers and facilitators of hunting behaviour in domestic cats and options for management. MAMMAL REVIEW, 51(3), 307–322.
Charities Aid Foundation. (2025a). UK Giving Report 2025.
Charities Aid Foundation. (2025b). UK Local Giving Report 2025.
Chaudhary, A. H., Polonsky, M. J., & McClaren, N. (2021). Littering behaviour: A systematic review. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 478–510.
Cheshire, I., & Adams et al., J. (2020). Global Resource Initiative: Final recommendations report (p. 55).
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 201–234). Elsevier.
Colley, K., Chen, J., Martinez-Sanchez, G., Somervail, P., Hague, A., Wooldridge, T., & Bender, F. (2025). Factors influencing behaviour change in the circular economy: Analysis of the Scottish Circular Behaviours Survey. The James Hutton Institute.
Colley, K., Chen, J., Somervail, P, Britton, A. & Miller, D. (2024). Key household behaviours impacting on outdoor air quality: An evidence review. The James Hutton Institute.
Colley, K., Hague, A., Chen, J., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Wooldridge, T., Somervail, P., Martínez Sánchez, G., Assefa, S., Bender, F., & Craig, T. (2024). Putting people at the centre of the circle: An agenda for behavioural research on the circular economy. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5.
Colley, K., Hague, A., Juarez-Bourke, A., Roberts, M., Conniff, A., Eastwood, A., Ferguson, J., Fischer, A., Herrett, S., MacLean, L., Murray, K., Nicolson, H., Rae, G., Thompson, C., & Irvine, K. N. (2023). Creating Natural Connections: Final evaluation of outcomes for people. The James Hutton Institute.
Cook, H., & Inman, A. (2012). The voluntary sector and conservation for England: Achievements, expanding roles and uncertain future. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 170–177.
Crowley, C., Flood, K., Caffrey, B., Dunford, B., FitzPatrick, Ú., Hamilton, J., & O’Gorman, M. (2020). Engaging and empowering people in biodiversity conservation: Lessons from practice. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 120B(2), 175–185.
Crowley, S. L., Cecchetti, M., & McDonald, R. A. (2020a). Diverse perspectives of cat owners indicate barriers to and opportunities for managing cat predation of wildlife. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(10), 544–549.
Crowley, S. L., Cecchetti, M., & McDonald, R. A. (2020b). Our wild companions: Domestic cats in the Anthropocene. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35(6), 477–483.
Currie, M. J. B., Lackova ,Petra, & and Dinnie, E. (2016). Greenspace matters: Exploring links between greenspace, gender and well-being with conservation volunteers. Landscape Research, 41(6), 641–651.
Dasgupta, P. (2021, August 20). Final Report - The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. GOV.UK.
Davies, Z. G., Fuller, R. A., Loram, A., Irvine, K. N., Sims, V., & Gaston, K. J. (2009). A national scale inventory of resource provision for biodiversity within domestic gardens. Biological Conservation, 142(4), 761–771.
de Lange, E., Milner-Gulland, E., & Keane, A. (2019). Improving Environmental Interventions by Understanding Information Flows. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11), 1034–1047.
DEFRA. (2024). Organic farming statistics 2023: United Kingdom. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Delahay, R. J., Sherman, D., Soyalan, B., & Gaston, K. J. (2023). Biodiversity in residential gardens: A review of the evidence base. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(13), 4155–4179.
D’Lima, D., Lorencatto, F., & Michie, S. (2020). The behaviour change wheel approach. In Handbook on implementation science (pp. 168–214). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Doley, D., & Barman, P. (2023). Importance of communicating biodiversity for sustainable wildlife management: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND SCIENCES, 13(2), 321–329.
Duckworth, J. J., Randle, M., McGale, L. S., Jones, A., Doherty, B., Halford, J. C. G., & Christiansen, P. (2022). Do front-of-pack ‘green labels’ increase sustainable food choice and willingness-to-pay in U.K. consumers? Journal of Cleaner Production, 371, 133466.
Dudley, N., & and Alexander, S. (2017). Agriculture and biodiversity: A review. Biodiversity, 18(2–3), 45–49.
Esfandiar, K., Pearce, J., Dowling, R., & Goh, E. (2022a). Pro-environmental behaviours in protected areas: A systematic literature review and future research directions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100943.
Esfandiar, K., Pearce, J., Dowling, R., & Goh, E. (2022b). Pro-environmental behaviours in protected areas: A systematic literature review and future research directions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100943.
EUROSTAT. (2024). Developments in organic farming.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO.
Farrow, K., Grolleau, G., & Ibanez, L. (2017). Social Norms and Pro-environmental Behavior: A Review of the Evidence. Ecological Economics, 140, 1–13.
Fornara, F., Molinario, E., Scopelliti, M., Bonnes, M., Bonaiuto, F., Cicero, L., Admiraal, J., Beringer, A., Dedeurwaerdere, T., de Groot, W., Hiedanpää, J., Knights, P., Knippenberg, L., Ovenden, C., Horvat, K. P., Popa, F., Porras-Gomez, C., Smrekar, A., Soethe, N., … Bonaiuto, M. (2020). The extended Value-Belief-Norm theory predicts committed action for nature and biodiversity in Europe. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 81, 106338.
Forrester, B. J., & and Stott, T. A. (2016). Faecal Coliform Levels in Mountain Streams of Winter Recreation Zones in the Cairngorms National Park, Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal, 132(3–4), 246–256.
Gallo‐Cajiao, E., Archibald, C., Friedman, R., Steven, R., Fuller, R. A., Game, E. T., Morrison, T. H., & Ritchie, E. G. (2018). Crowdfunding biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 32(6), 1426–1435.
García-Antúnez, O., Lindgaard, J., Lampinen, J., & Stahl Olafsson, A. (2023). Gardening for wildlife: A mixed-methods exploration of the factors underlying engagement in wildlife-friendly gardening. People and Nature, 5(2), 808–825.
Gaston, K. J., Smith, R. M., Thompson, K., & Warren, P. H. (2005). Urban domestic gardens (II): Experimental tests of methods for increasing biodiversity. Biodiversity & Conservation, 14(2), 395–413.
Gaston, K. J., & Soga, M. (2020). Extinction of experience: The need to be more specific. People and Nature, 2(3), 575–581.
Geiger, S. J., Brick, C., Nalborczyk, L., Bosshard, A., & Jostmann, N. B. (2021). More green than gray? Toward a sustainable overview of environmental spillover effects: A Bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78, 101694.
Giacomarra, M., Crescimanno, M., Vrontis, D., Pastor, L. M., & Galati, A. (2021). The ability of fish ecolabels to promote a change in the sustainability awareness. Marine Policy, 123, 104292.
Gilchrist, A., Glentworth, J., Radzuan, H. S. M., & Clay, G. (2024). The influence of recreational activity on upland ecosystems in the UK: A review of evidence.
Goddard, M. A., Dougill, A. J., & Benton, T. G. (2010). Scaling up from gardens: Biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(2), 90–98.
Goddard, M. A., Dougill, A. J., & Benton, T. G. (2013). Why garden for wildlife? Social and ecological drivers, motivations and barriers for biodiversity management in residential landscapes. Ecological Economics, 86, 258–273.
Godfray, H. C. J., Aveyard, P., Garnett, T., Hall, J. W., Key, T. J., Lorimer, J., Pierrehumbert, R. T., Scarborough, P., Springmann, M., & Jebb, S. A. (2018). Meat consumption, health, and the environment. Science, 361(6399), eaam5324.
Goñi, R. (1998). Ecosystem effects of marine fisheries: An overview. Ocean & Coastal Management, 40(1), 37–64.
Gorman, J. (2022). Global Resource Initiative Finance Report. Efeca.
Gregory, R. D., & Baillie, S. R. (1998). Large‐scale habitat use of some declining British birds. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(5), 785–799.
Grymshi, D., Crespo‐Cebada, E., Elghannam, A., Mesías, F. J., & Díaz‐Caro, C. (2022). Understanding consumer attitudes towards ecolabeled food products: A latent class analysis regarding their purchasing motivations. Agribusiness, 38(1), 93–107.
Guo, Y., Tan, H., Zhang, L., Liu, G., Zhou, M., Vira, J., Hess, P. G., Liu, X., Paulot, F., & Liu, X. (2023). Global food loss and waste embodies unrecognized harms to air quality and biodiversity hotspots. Nature Food, 4(8), 686–698.
Hague, A., Colley, K., Ballesteros-Figueroa, A., Wooldridge, T., Somervail, P., Chen, J., & Craig, T. (2023). Review of selected “problem products” in the circular economy. The James Hutton Institute.
Hall, D., & Martins, D. (2020). Human dimensions of insect pollinator conservation. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 38, 107–114.
Hine, R., Peacock, J., & Pretty, J. (2008). Evaluating the impact of environmental volunteering on behaviours and attitudes to the environment. Report for BTCV Cymru.
HM Revenue & Customs. (2024). Annual savings statistics 2024.
HM Treasury. (2025). UK Green Taxonomy Consultation (p. 21). UK Government.
Hofman, K., Hughes, K., & Walters, G. (2020). Effective conservation behaviours for protecting marine environments: The views of the experts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1460–1478.
Ihemezie, E., Nawrath, M., Strauss, L., Stringer, L., & Dallimer, M. (2021). The influence of human values on attitudes and behaviours towards forest conservation. Journal of Environmental Management, 292.
IPBES. (2019). IPBES (2019): Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. E. S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo (editors). IPBES secretariat.
IPBES. (2022). Summary for policymakers of the methodoloigcal assesment of the diverse values and valuation of nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). IPBES Secretariat.
IPBES. (2024). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss and the Determinants of Transformative Change and Options for Achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity.
Irvine, K. N., Brown, K. & Thompson, C. (2024) Nature Engagement and Care: Concepts for Cultivating Inclusive Outdoor Participation and Responsible Outdoor Access. Deliverable 5.1 of Reciprocal Care for Nature and Wellbeing (JHI-C6-1) project. The James Hutton Institute.
Irvine, K. N., Fisher, D., Currie, M., Colley, K., & Warber, S. L. (2024). A nature-based intervention for promoting physical activity in older adults: A qualitative study using the COM-B model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 843.
Irvine, K. N., Fisher, D., Marselle, M. R., Currie, M., Colley, K., & Warber, S. L. (2022). Social isolation in older adults: A qualitative study on the social dimensions of group outdoor health walks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5353.
Ives, C. D., Abson, D. J., Von Wehrden, H., Dorninger, C., Klaniecki, K., & Fischer, J. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 13(5), 1389–1397.
Ives, C. D., Lentini, P. E., Threlfall, C. G., Ikin, K., Shanahan, D. F., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Fuller, R. A., Mumaw, L., Rayner, L., Rowe, R., Valentine, L. E., & Kendal, D. (2016). Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(1), 117–126.
Jennings, S., McCormack, C., & Stoll, G. (2021). Thriving within our planetary means: Reducing the UK’s footprint of production and consumption by 2030. WWF.
Jennings, S., Sheane, R., McCosker, C., & Halton, A. (2017). Risky Business: Deforestation and Social Risks in the UK’s Commodity Supply Chains (p. 35).
Jones, D. I., Miethe, T., Clarke, E. D., & Marshall, C. T. (2023). Disentangling the effects of fishing and temperature to explain increasing fish species richness in the North Sea. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(10), 3133–3155.
Kaiser, F. G. (2021). Climate change mitigation within the Campbell paradigm: Doing the right thing for a reason and against all odds. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 42, 70–75.
Kaufman, S., Saeri, A., Raven, R., Malekpour, S., & Smith, L. (2021). Behaviour in sustainability transitions: A mixed methods literature review. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 40, 586–608.
Koch, J., Vringer, K., van der Werff, E., Wilting, H., & Steg, L. (2024). Circular consumption to reduce environmental pressure: Potential of behavioural change in the Netherlands. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 44, 101–113.
Koseoglu, N., Roberts, M., & Bacigalupo, A. (n.d.). Understanding the barriers and opportunities for eliminating peat from the growing media mixes from the perspective of different supply side stakeholders. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
Kozicka, M., Havlík, P., Valin, H., Wollenberg, E., Deppermann, A., Leclère, D., Lauri, P., Moses, R., Boere, E., Frank, S., Davis, C., Park, E., & Gurwick, N. (2023). Feeding climate and biodiversity goals with novel plant-based meat and milk alternatives. Nature Communications, 14(1), 5316.
Kwasny, T., Dobernig, K., & Riefler, P. (2022). Towards reduced meat consumption: A systematic literature review of intervention effectiveness, 2001–2019. Appetite, 168, 105739.
Lambe, F., Weitz, N., Hilgert, A., Kemp-Benedict, E., & Carlsen, H. (2025). Applying the Unlocking a Better Future framework for a just transition in Scotland.
Larson, K. L., Lerman, S. B., Nelson, K. C., Narango, D. L., Wheeler, M. M., Groffman, P. M., Hall, S. J., & Grove, J. M. (2022). Examining the potential to expand wildlife-supporting residential yards and gardens. Landscape and Urban Planning, 222, 104396.
Larson, L. R., Stedman, R. C., Cooper, C. B., & Decker, D. J. (2015). Understanding the multi-dimensional structure of pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 43, 112–124.
Lewandowski, E., & Specht, H. (2015). Influence of volunteer and project characteristics on data quality of biological surveys. Conservation Biology, 29(3), 713–723.
Lin, D., Wackernagel, M., Horsburgh, N., & Tyler, A. (2024). The Environment Strategy for Scotland: Delivering the Environment Strategy Outcome on Scotland’s Global Footprint—Evidence Base & Policy Levers. Global Footprint Network, Scottish Government.
Lithgow, K., & Timbrell, H. (2014). How better volunteering can improve conservation: Why we need to stop wondering whether volunteering in conservation is a good thing and just get better at doing it well. Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 37(1), 3–14.
Loss, S. R., Boughton, B., Cady, S. M., Londe, D. W., McKinney, C., O’Connell, T. J., Riggs, G. J., & Robertson, E. P. (2022). Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife. Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(7), 1361–1372.
Loss, S. R., & Marra, P. P. (2017). Population impacts of free‐ranging domestic cats on mainland vertebrates. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(9), 502–509.
Lowe, C. N., Williams, K. S., Jenkinson, S., & Toogood, M. (2014). Environmental and social impacts of domestic dog waste in the UK: Investigating barriers to behavioural change in dog walkers. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 13(4), 331.
Machovina, B., Feeley, K. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2015). Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption. Science of The Total Environment, 536, 419–431.
Majewska, A. A., & Altizer, S. (2020). Planting gardens to support insect pollinators. Conservation Biology, 34(1), 15–25.
Make My Money Matter, Systemiq, & Global Canopy. (2022). Cutting Deforestation from Our Pensions. Make My Money Matter.
Marselle, M. R., & Golding, S. E. (2023). Applying the Behaviour Change Wheel to mitigate the biodiversity crisis. In Handbook on Pro-Environmental Behaviour Change (pp. 353–371). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Martin, R., & Butler, D. R. (2017). A framework for understanding off-trail trampling impacts in mountain environments. The George Wright Forum, 34(3), 354–367.
McLeod, L., Kitson, J., Dorner, Z., Tassell-Matamua, N., Stahlmann-Brown, P., Milfont, T., & Hine, D. (2024). Environmental stewardship: A systematic scoping review. PLoS ONE, 19(5).
McVittie, A., Cole, L., McCarthy, J., Fisher, H., & Rudman, H. (2023). Research into Approaches to Measuring Biodiversity in Scotland, Final report to The Scottish Government. The Scottish Government.
Meyer, N., Schafft, M., Wegner, B., Wolter, C., Arlinghaus, R., Venohr, M., & Von Oheimb, G. (2021). A day on the shore: Ecological impacts of non-motorised recreational activities in and around inland water bodies. Journal for Nature Conservation, 64.
Michie, S., Atkins, L. & West, R. (2014) The Behaviour Change Wheel: A Guide to Designing Interventions. Silverback Publishing.
Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6(1), 42.
Moxon, S., Webb, J., Semertzi, A., & Samangooei, M. (2025). Wild ways: A scoping review on influencing urban-rewilding behaviour in relation to adaptations to private gardens. Cities & Health, 1–13.
MSC. (2024). MSC UK and Ireland Market Report 2024. Marine Stewardship Council.
Nakaishi, T., & Chapman, A. (2024). Eco-labels as a communication and policy tool: A comprehensive review of academic literature and global label initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 202, 114708.
Nassauer, J. I. (1995). Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landscape Journal, 14(2), 161–170.
Nelms, S. E., Eyles, L., Godley, B. J., Richardson, P. B., Selley, H., Solandt, J.-L., & Witt, M. J. (2020). Investigating the distribution and regional occurrence of anthropogenic litter in English marine protected areas using 25 years of citizen-science beach clean data. Environmental Pollution, 263, 114365.
Nielsen, K. S., Cologna, V., Lange, F., Brick, C., & Stern, P. C. (2021). The case for impact-focused environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 74.
Nielsen, K. S., Marteau, T. M., Bauer, J. M., Bradbury, R. B., Broad, S., Burgess, G., Burgman, M., Byerly, H., Clayton, S., & Espelosin, D. (2021). Biodiversity conservation as a promising frontier for behavioural science. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(5), 550–556.
Nilsson, A., Bergquist, M., & Schultz, W. P. (2017). Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: A review and research agenda. Environmental Education Research, 23(4), 573–589.
O’Brien, L., & Marzano, M. (2011). Volunteering in and for Scotland’s forests: Report to Forestry Commission Scotland. Forest Research.
Ohtani, S. (2024). Deepening and Practical Application of Sentiment Analysis: Through Exploration of Public Interest and Sentiment on “Biodiversity” From Twitter. Environment and Behavior, 56(7–8), 471–515.
Okin, G. S. (2017). Environmental impacts of food consumption by dogs and cats. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0181301.
Ostfeld, R., Howarth, D., Reiner, D., & Krasny, P. (2019). Peeling back the label—Exploring sustainable palm oil ecolabelling and consumption in the United Kingdom. Environmental Research Letters, 14(1), 014001.
Pakeman, R. J., Eastwood, A., Duckett, D., Waylen, K. A., Hopkins, J., & Bailey, D. M. (2023). NatureScot Research Report 1309—Understanding the Indirect Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Scotland | NatureScot. NatureScot.
Papworth, S., & Thomas, R. (2025). Paws on paths: Dog walking behaviour and behaviour change interventions.
Parkes, G., Young, J. A., Walmsley, S. F., Abel, R., Harman, J., Horvat, P., Lem, A., MacFarlane, A., Mens, M., & Nolan, C. (2010). Behind the Signs—A Global Review of Fish Sustainability Information Schemes. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18(4), 344–356.
Perkins, R., Whitehead, M., Civil, W., & Goulson, D. (2021). Potential role of veterinary flea products in widespread pesticide contamination of English rivers. Science of The Total Environment, 755, 143560.
Phu, N., Stenger, A., & Tiet, T. (2021). Social incentive factors in interventions promoting sustainable behaviors: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16(12).
Plummer, K. E., Risely, K., Toms, M. P., & Siriwardena, G. M. (2019). The composition of British bird communities is associated with long-term garden bird feeding. Nature Communications, 10(1), 2088.
Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392), 987–992.
Potter, C., Bastounis, A., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Stewart, C., Frie, K., Tudor, K., Bianchi, F., Cartwright, E., Cook, B., Rayner, M., & Jebb, S. A. (2021). The Effects of Environmental Sustainability Labels on Selection, Purchase, and Consumption of Food and Drink Products: A Systematic Review. Environment and Behavior, 53(8), 891–925.
Primc, K., Ogorevc, M., Slabe-Erker, R., Bartolj, T., & Murovec, N. (2021). How does Schwartz’s theory of human values affect the proenvironmental behavior model? Baltic Journal of Management, 16(2), 276–297.
Randall, N., Briggs, L., Graceson, A., James, K., Barlagne, C., Banks, G., & Kuhfuss, L. (2019). Review of the environmental and socio-economic barriers and benefits to organic agriculture in Scotland. The Scottish Government.
Reynolds, S. J., Galbraith, J. A., Smith, J. A., & Jones, D. N. (2017). Garden Bird Feeding: Insights and Prospects from a North-South Comparison of This Global Urban Phenomenon. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5.
Richardson, M., Dobson, J., Abson, D. J., Lumber, R., Hunt, A., Young, R., & Moorhouse, B. (2020). Applying the pathways to nature connectedness at a societal scale: A leverage points perspective. Ecosystems and People, 16(1), 387–401.
Richardson, M., Passmore, H., Barbett, L., Lumber, R., Thomas, R., & Hunt, A. (2020). The green care code: How nature connectedness and simple activities help explain pro‐nature conservation behaviours. People and Nature, 2(3), 821–839.
Rivington, M., Colley, K., Ballasteros-Figueroa, A., Boucher, J., & Miller, D. (2024). The Environment Strategy for Scotland: Reducing Scotland’s International Environmental Impact - Learning from International Best Practices. The Scottish Government.
Robinson, A., Newton, N., & Cheffings, C. (2018). Terrestrial evidence review part 1: The value of JNCC’s terrestrial evidence programme. JNCC.
Rode, J., Soares, T. M., Colléony, A., Turbe, A., Chadwick, P., & Marselle, M. (2022). National biodiversity strategies under-utilise the potential for individual behaviour change.
Rogerson, M., Barton, J., Bragg, R., & Pretty, J. (2017). The health and wellbeing impacts of volunteering with The Wildlife Trusts. University of Essex and The Wildlife Trusts.
Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their Relationship to Environmental Concern and Conservation Behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 457–475.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology/Academic Press.
Scottish Government. (2024). Natural Capital Market Framework. The Scottish Government.
Selinske, M. J., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Gordon, A., Kusmanoff, A. M., & Fidler, F. (2018). Revisiting the promise of conservation psychology. Conservation Biology, 32(6), 1464–1468.
Selinske, M. J., Garrard, G. E., Gregg, E. A., Kusmanoff, A. M., Kidd, L. R., Cullen, M. T., Cooper, M., Geary, W. L., Hatty, M. A., Hames, F., Kneebone, S., McLeod, E. M., Ritchie, E. G., Squires, Z. E., Thomas, J., Willcock, M. A. W., Blair, S., & Bekessy, S. A. (2020). Identifying and prioritizing human behaviors that benefit biodiversity. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(9), e249.
Seymour, V., King, M., & Antonaci, R. (2018). Understanding the impact of volunteering on pro-environmental behavioural change. Voluntary Sector Review, 9(1), 73–88.
Shanahan, D. F., Astell–Burt, T., Barber, E. A., Brymer, E., Cox, D. T., Dean, J., Depledge, M., Fuller, R. A., Hartig, T., & Irvine, K. N. (2019). Nature–based interventions for improving health and wellbeing: The purpose, the people and the outcomes. Sports, 7(6), 141.
Sheffield, D., Butler, C. W., & Richardson, M. (2022). Improving Nature Connectedness in Adults: A Meta-Analysis, Review and Agenda. Sustainability, 14(19), 12494.
Sibbald, A. M., Hooper, R. J., McLeod, J. E., & Gordon, I. J. (2011). Responses of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to regular disturbance by hill walkers. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57(4), 817–825.
Sigler, M. (2014). The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(11), 2184.
Sockhill, N. J., Dean, A. J., Oh, R. R. Y., & Fuller, R. A. (2022). Beyond the ecocentric: Diverse values and attitudes influence engagement in pro‐environmental behaviours. People and Nature, 4(6), 1500–1512.
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. (2024). Do people who experience more nature act more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Biological Conservation, 289.
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2023). Nature benefit hypothesis: Direct experiences of nature predict self‐reported pro‐biodiversity behaviors. Conservation Letters, 16(3), e12945.
Sparkman, G., Attari, S. Z., & Weber, E. U. (2021). Moderating spillover: Focusing on personal sustainable behavior rarely hinders and can boost climate policy support. Energy Research & Social Science, 78, 102150.
Spiro, A., Hill, Z., & Stanner, S. (2024). Meat and the future of sustainable diets—Challenges and opportunities. Nutrition Bulletin, 49(4), 572–598.
Stampa, E., Schipmann-Schwarze, C., & Hamm, U. (2020). Consumer perceptions, preferences, and behavior regarding pasture-raised livestock products: A review. Food Quality and Preference, 82.
Steenson, S., & Creedon, A. (2022). Plenty more fish in the sea? – Is there a place for seafood within a healthier and more sustainable diet? Nutrition Bulletin, 47(2), 261–273.
Stein, A. J., & Santini, F. (2022). The sustainability of “local” food: A review for policy-makers. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, 103(1), 77–89.
Stein-Bachinger, K., Gottwald, F., Haub, A., & Schmidt, E. (2021). To what extent does organic farming promote species richness and abundance in temperate climates? A review. Organic Agriculture, 11(1), 1–12.
Stern, P. C. (2000). New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424.
Stewart, D., & Eccleston, J. (2025). SPANS Scotland’s People and Nature Survey 2023/24—Outdoor recreation report. NatureScot.
Sumaila, U. R., Bellmann, C., & Tipping, A. (2016). Fishing for the future: An overview of challenges and opportunities. Marine Policy, 69, 173–180.
Summers, R. W., Golder ,Phil, Wallace ,Nicole, Munro ,Ewan, & and Wilson, J. D. (2022). Association between the distribution of Capercaillies Tetrao urogallus and road and track densities at a landscape scale in a national park. Bird Study, 69(1–2), 28–38.
Sykes, N., Beirne, P., Horowitz, A., Jones, I., Kalof, L., Karlsson, E., King, T., Litwak, H., McDonald, R. A., Murphy, L. J., Pemberton, N., Promislow, D., Rowan, A., Stahl, P. W., Tehrani, J., Tourigny, E., Wynne, C. D. L., Strauss, E., & Larson, G. (2020). Humanity’s Best Friend: A Dog-Centric Approach to Addressing Global Challenges. Animals, 10(3), Article 3.
Tassin de Montaigu, C., Glauser, G., Guinchard, S., & Goulson, D. (2025). High prevalence of veterinary drugs in bird’s nests. Science of The Total Environment, 964, 178439.
TCV. (2024). TCV Annual Report and Financial Statements 2023-24. TCV: The Conservation Volunteers.
TCV. (2025). Environmental and social impacts.
Thøgersen, J., Vatn, A., & Aasen, M. (2024). The chicken or the egg? Spillover between private climate action and climate policy support. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 99, 102434.
Thomas, R. L., Papworth, S. K., & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2024). Unleashed: Walking dogs off the lead greatly increases habitat disturbance in UK lowland heathlands. Urban Ecosystems, 27(6), 2037–2046.
Thomas-Walters, L., McCallum, J., Montgomery, R., Petros, C., Wan, A., & Veríssimo, D. (2023). Systematic review of conservation interventions to promote voluntary behavior change. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, 37(1).
Tiboni-Oschilewski, O., Abarca, M., Santa Rosa Pierre, F., Rosi, A., Biasini, B., Menozzi, D., & Scazzina, F. (2024). Strengths and weaknesses of food eco-labeling: A review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1381135.
Toomey, A. H., & Domroese, M. C. (2013). Can citizen science lead to positive conservation attitudes and behaviors? Human Ecology Review, 50–62.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440.
Uzzell, D. L. (2000). The psycho-spatial dimension of global environmental problems. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(4), 307–318.
van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013). The value of environmental self-identity: The relationship between biospheric values, environmental self-identity and environmental preferences, intentions and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 55–63.
Vasco, F., Perrin, J.-A., & Oertli, B. (2024). Urban pondscape connecting people with nature and biodiversity in a medium-sized European city (Geneva, Switzerland). Urban Ecosystems, 27(4), 1117–1137.
Veríssimo, D. (2013). Influencing human behaviour: An underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10(1), 29–31.
Veríssimo, D., Blake, K., Flint, H. B., Doughty, H., Espelosin, D., Gregg, E. A., Kubo, T., Mann-Lang, J., Perry, L. R., Selinske, M. J., Shreedhar, G., & Thomas-Walters, L. (2024). Changing Human Behavior to Conserve Biodiversity. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 49(1), 419–448.
Veríssimo, D., Campbell, H. A., Tollington, S., MacMillan, D. C., & Smith, R. J. (2018). Why do people donate to conservation? Insights from a ‘real world’ campaign. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0191888.
Verplanken, B., & Whitmarsh, L. (2021). Habit and climate change. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 42, 42–46.
Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90–103.
Walton, A., Nageotte, N., Heimlich, J., & Threadgill, A. (2022). Facilitating behavior change: Introducing the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change as a conservation psychology framework and tool for practitioners. ZOO BIOLOGY, 41(5), 386–397.
Wei, B., Shaharudin, M. S., Chen, L., & Gui, A. (2024). Mapping the Path to Low-Carbon Behaviour: A Systematic Review of Trends, Gaps, and Future Directions. Sustainability, 16(21), 9343.
Welden, E. A., Chausson, A., & Melanidis, M. S. (2021). Leveraging Nature-based Solutions for transformation: Reconnecting people and nature. People and Nature, 3(5), 966–977.
West, R., & Michie, S. (2020). A brief introduction to the COM-B Model of behaviour and the PRIME Theory of motivation [v1]. Qeios.
Whitmarsh, L. (2009). Behavioural responses to climate change: Asymmetry of intentions and impacts. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(1), 13–23.
Whitmarsh, L., Poortinga, W., & Capstick, S. (2021). Behaviour change to address climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 76–81.
Wilkie, S., & Davinson, N. (2021). Prevalence and effectiveness of nature-based interventions to impact adult health-related behaviours and outcomes: A scoping review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214, 104166.
Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Garnett, T., Tilman, D., DeClerck, F., & Wood, A. (2019). Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet, 393(10170), 447–492.
WWF-UK and RSPB. (2020). Riskier Business: The UK’s Overseas Land Footprint. WWF-UK and RSPB.
York, C., & Morris, T. (2013). Visitor behaviour in sensitive woodland habitats – repeat photographic survey at Boat of Garten Woods. (Commissioned 634; Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, p. 29).
Zeidenitz, C., Mosler, H. J., & Hunziker, M. (2007). Outdoor recreation: From analysing motivations to furthering ecologically responsible behaviour. Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 81(1/2), 175–190.