A caring, compassionate and human rights informed drug policy for Scotland
Outlines what a progressive, evidence-based drugs policy would look like with public health and the reduction of harm as its underlying principles.
Footnotes
1 Scottish Government, Drugs policy - update: statement by the First Minister - 20 January 2021
2 Scottish Government, Drug Deaths Taskforce response: cross government approach
3 Scottish Government National mission - Alcohol and drugs (accessed September 2022)
4 Scottish Government, National Mission on Drugs: annual report 2021 to 2022
5 Scottish Government, National Mission on Drugs: National Collaborative
6 Scottish Government, Drug Deaths Taskforce response: cross government approach
7 Scottish Government (2022) National Drugs Mission Plan
8 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Drug use disorders in adults
9 Rosmarin, A and Eastwood N (2012) A Quiet Revolution: Drug Decriminalisation Polices in Practice Across the Globe (Release).
10 National Records of Scotland (2022), Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2021
11 Scottish Government, Drugs policy - update: statement by the First Minister - 20 January 2021
12 Scottish Government National mission - Alcohol and drugs (accessed September 2022)
13 National Records of Scotland (2022), Life Expectancy in Scotland 2019-2021
14 Public Health Scotland (2021), Scottish Burden of Disease Study
15 Public Health Scotland (2021), Scottish Burden of Disease Study
17 Farhoudian, A., Razaghi, E., Hooshyari, Z., Noroozi, A., Pilevari, A., Mokri, A., Mohammadi, M. R., & Malekinejad, M. (2022). Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Disorder Treatment: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Substance abuse : research and treatment,
19 Scottish Drugs Forum (2007), Drugs and poverty: A literature review
20 Farhoudian, A., Razaghi, E., Hooshyari, Z., Noroozi, A., Pilevari, A., Mokri, A., Mohammadi, M. R., & Malekinejad, M. (2022). Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Disorder Treatment: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Substance abuse : research and treatment,
21 Scottish Government (2021), International approaches to drug law reform: research
22 Csete, J. (2016), The Economics of the Drug War: Unaccounted Costs, Lost Lives, Missed Opportunities
23 Global Commission on Drug Policy (2011) War on Drugs
24 Conservative Drug Policy Reform Group (2019) Public Attitudes to Drugs in the UK
25 Scottish Government (2022), Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2021/22: Public Attitudes Towards People with Problem Drug Use
26 National Records of Scotland (2022), Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2021
27 Office for National Statistics (2022), Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2021 registrations
28 Conservative Drug Policy Reform Group (2019) Public Attitudes to Drugs in the UK
29 Scottish Drug Deaths Taskforce (2021) Report on Drug Law Reform
30 Flacks, S. (2012) Deviant Disabilities: The Exclusion of Drug and Alcohol Addiction from the Equality Act 2010
31 UK Parliament (2019) Problem drug use in Scotland - Scottish Affairs Committee
32 UK Parliament (2019) Problem drug use in Scotland: Government response to the Committee’s First Report of Session 2019 - Scottish Affairs Committee - House of Commons (parliament.uk)
33 UK Parliament (2019) Drugs policy - Health and Social Care Committee
34 UK Parliament (2019) Drugs policy: Government Response to the Committees First Report of Session 2019 (parliament.uk)
35 UK Government (2022) 'Swift, Certain, Tough: New Consequences for Drug Possession' white paper
36 UK Government (2023) Nitrous oxide: updated harms assessment
37 ACMD (2023)- Government response: ACMD nitrous oxide review (accessible)
38 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (2023) World Drug Report 2023
39 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (2023) World Drug Report 2023
40 Csete, J. (2016) The Economics of the Drug War: Unaccounted Costs, Lost Lives, Missed Opportunities - Open Society Foundations.
41 Global Commission on Drug Policy (2021) Time to End Prohibition
42 Volker Turk (2023) Volker Türk, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights at the 66th CND - YouTube
43 Scottish Government (2022) Drug law reform: letter from Minister for Drugs Policy
44 Scottish Government, Drug Deaths Taskforce response: cross government approach
45 Flacks, S. (2012) Deviant Disabilities: The Exclusion of Drug and Alcohol Addiction from the Equality Act 2010
46 Scottish Government (2021), International approaches to drug law reform: research
47 Global Commission on Drug Policy (2021) Time to End Prohibition
48 RÊGO, X., OLIVEIRA, M.J., LAMEIRA, C. et al. 20 years of Portuguese drug policy - developments, challenges and the quest for human rights.
49 Government of Canada (2023), Cannabis Act legislative review
50 Rosmarin, A and Eastwood N (2012) A Quiet Revolution: Drug Decriminalisation Polices in Practice Across the Globe
51 Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse; David Nutt, Leslie A King, William Saulsbury, Colin Blakemore (2007) Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse - The Lancet
52 UK Government, Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
53 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2018), Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence
54 Belackova, V., Salmon, A.M., Day, C.A., Ritter, A., Shanahan, M., Hedrich, D., Kerr, T. and Jauncey, M., 2019. Drug consumption rooms: a systematic review of evaluation methodologies.
55 Shorter, G.W., Harris, M., McAuley, A., Trayner, K.M. and Stevens, A., 2022. The United Kingdom's first unsanctioned overdose prevention site; A proof-of-concept evaluation.
56 Harm Reduction International (2023), The Global State of Harm Reduction 2022
57 INCB (2018) Supervised drug consumption rooms
58 New Zealand Ministry of Health Drug checking | Ministry of Health NZ (accessed March 2023)
59 British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (2022) Drug Checking Implementation Guide
60 Giulini, F., Keenan, E., Killeen, N. and Ivers, J.H., 2022. A systematized review of drug-checking and related considerations for implementation as a harm reduction intervention.
61 Harris, M., 2020. An urgent impetus for action: safe inhalation interventions to reduce COVID-19 transmission and fatality risk among people who smoke crack cocaine in the United Kingdom.
62 Platt, L., Minozzi, S., Reed, J., Vickerman, P., Hagan, H., French, C., Jordan, A., Degenhardt, L., Hope, V., Hutchinson, S., Maher, L., Palmateer, N., Taylor, A., Bruneau, J., and Hickman, M. (2018) Needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: findings from a Cochrane Review and meta-analysis.
63 Kennedy, M.C., Karamouzian, M. and Kerr, T., 2017. Public health and public order outcomes associated with supervised drug consumption facilities: a systematic review.
64 Kimber, J., Dolan, K., Van Beek, I., Hedrich, D. and Zurhold, H. (2003) Drug consumption facilities: an update since 2000.
65 Strang, J., Groshkova, T., Uchtenhagen, A., van den Brink, W., Haasen, C., Schechter, M. T., Lintzeris, N., Bell, J., Pirona, A., Oviedo-Joekes, E., Simon, R. and Metrebian, N. (2015) “Heroin on trial: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of diamorphine-prescribing as treatment for refractory heroin addiction,”
66 UK Government (2021) Expanding access to naloxone - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)
67 Scottish Drug Deaths Taskforce (2021) Response to Naloxone Consultation
68 UK Govermment (2022), Expanding access to naloxone: summary of feedback
69 Flacks, S. (2012) Deviant Disabilities: The Exclusion of Drug and Alcohol Addiction from the Equality Act 2010
70 Volker Turk (2023) Volker Türk, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights at the 66th CND - YouTube
71 Information Services Division (2019), Prevalence of Problem Drug Use in Scotland
72 NIDA. 2021, August 9. Punishing Drug Use Heightens the Stigma of Addiction. Accessed 15 June 23
73 Scher, B. D., Neufeld, S. D., Butler, A., Bonn, M., Zakimi, N., Farrell, J., & Greer, A. (2023). “Criminalization Causes the Stigma”: Perspectives From People Who Use Drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems,
74 National Records of Scotland (2022) Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2021
75 Public Health Scotland (2021) Drug-Related Hospital Statistics
76 Scher, B. D., Neufeld, S. D., Butler, A., Bonn, M., Zakimi, N., Farrell, J., & Greer, A. (2023). “Criminalization Causes the Stigma”: Perspectives From People Who Use Drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems,
77 UK Government (2017), The effect of drug and alcohol treatment on re-offending
78 Scottish Government (2021), Recorded Crime in Scotland, 2020-2021
79 Scottish Government (2021) International Approaches to Drug Law Reform
80 Rosmarin, A and Eastwood N (2012) A Quiet Revolution: Drug Decriminalisation Polices in Practice Across the Globe
81 Talking Drugs, Drug Decriminalisation across the World Drug Decriminalisation Across the World | TalkingDrugs (accessed March 2023)
82 UN CEB (2018) 2018 Nov - UN system common position on drug policy
83 Rosmarin, A and Eastwood N (2012) A Quiet Revolution: Drug Decriminalisation Polices in Practice Across the Globe
84 Scheim AI, Maghsoudi N, Marshall Z, et al Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review
85 Cerdá, Magdalena, et al. "Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016."
86 Open Society Foundation (2011) Drug Policy in Portugal: The Benefits of Decriminalizing Drug Use
87 Government of Canada (2020), Proposed Approach to the Regulation of Cannabis
88 Scottish Government (2023) Minimum Unit Pricing reducing alcohol deaths
89 Wyper, G.M., Mackay, D.F., Fraser, C., Lewsey, J., Robinson, M., Beeston, C. and Giles, L., 2023. Evaluating the impact of alcohol minimum unit pricing on deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland: a controlled interrupted time series study.
90 Scottish Government (2022), Restricting alcohol advertising and promotion: consultation
91 Moodie, C., Hoek, J., Hammond, D., Gallopel-Morvan, K., Sendoya, D., Rosen, L., Özcan, B.M. and van der Eijk, Y., 2022. Plain tobacco packaging: progress, challenges, learning and opportunities.
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