Science of salmon stocking: report

Appendix 1: Reference list for risks and impacts associated with stocking

Hatchery

Issue: Broodstock collection

References: (Ryman and Ståhl, 1980; Ryman, 1981; Utter et al., 1989; Unwin and Glova, 1997; Wedekind, 2002; Was and Wenne, 2003; Vasemagi et al., 2005; Williamson and May, 2005; Aho et al., 2006; Neff et al., 2008; Christie et al., 2012b; Anderson et al., 2013; Tillotson et al., 2019; Östergren et al., 2021)

Issue: Use of non-native stocks

References: (Garcia de Leaniz and Verspoor, 1989; Fritzner et al., 2001; Ruzzante et al., 2001; Schroeder et al., 2001; Garcia de Leaniz et al., 2007)

Issue: Domestication

References: (Swain and Riddell, 1990; Largiadèr and Scholl, 1995; Ryman et al., 1995; Johnsson et al., 1996; Fleming and Einum, 1997; Waples, 1999; Lynch and O'Hely, 2001; Sundström and Johnsson, 2001; Ford, 2002; Kostow et al., 2003; Berejikian and Ford, 2004; Glover et al., 2004; Araki et al., 2007; Araki et al., 2008; Blanchet et al., 2008; Chittenden et al., 2008; Frankham, 2008; Fraser, 2008; Araki et al., 2009; Araki and Schmid, 2010; Chittenden et al., 2010; Thériault et al., 2010; Henderson and Letcher, 2011; Thériault et al., 2011; Christie et al., 2012a; Milot et al., 2013; Christie et al., 2014; Evans et al., 2014; Zimmerman et al., 2015; Berejikian et al., 2016; Christie et al., 2016; Berejikian and Van Doornik, 2018; Pinter et al., 2019; Tillotson et al., 2019)

Issue: Introduction of escaped farmed fish into broodstock

References: (Gausen, 1988; Thorpe and Stradmeyer, 1995; Glover et al., 2017; Castellani et al., 2018; Skaala et al., 2019; Glover et al., 2020)

Issue: Hatchery adaptation

References: (Le Luyer et al., 2017; Rodriguez Barreto et al., 2019)

Issue: Hatchery conditioning

References: (Vincent, 1960; Norman, 1987; McDonald et al., 1998; Berejikian et al., 2000; Metcalfe et al., 2003; Kostow, 2004; McGinnity et al., 2004; Jonsson and Jonsson, 2006; Blanchet et al., 2008; Hawkins et al., 2008; Chittenden et al., 2010; Kallio-Nyberg et al., 2011; Berejikian et al., 2016)

Issue: Loss of resilience

References: (Araki et al., 2008; McGinnity et al., 2009; Sgrò et al., 2011; Tillotson et al., 2019)

Environmental

Issue: Competition

References: (Wahl et al., 1995; Beamish et al., 1997; Pearsons and Hopley, 1999; Hilborn and Eggers, 2000; Levin et al., 2001; Vasemägi et al., 2001; Kostow et al., 2003; Amoroso et al., 2017)

Issue: Displacement

References: (Altukhov, 1981; Hindar et al., 1991; Galbreath et al., 2001; Marzano et al., 2003)

Issue: Hybridisation (hatchery/wild)

References: (Hindar et al., 1991; Waples, 1991; Busack, 1995; Campton, 1995; Leary, 1995; Skaala et al., 1996; García-Marín et al., 1998; Cagigas et al., 1999; Machordom et al., 1999; Palm and Ryman, 1999; Machordom et al., 2000; Hansen et al., 2001; King et al., 2001; Mezzera and Largiadèr, 2001a; Mezzera and Largiadèr, 2001b; Marzano et al., 2003; Araki et al., 2009; Jasper et al., 2013)

Issue: Hybridisation (inter-species)

References: (Verspoor, 1988; Garcia de Leaniz and Verspoor, 1989; Leary, 1995)

Issue: Immunocompromisation

References: (Currens et al., 1997)

Issue: Enhanced straying

References: (Jonsson et al., 1991a; Quinn, 1993; Cagigas et al., 1999; Jonsson et al., 2003; Clarke et al., 2011; Brenner et al., 2012; Keefer and Caudill, 2014)

Issue: Enhanced predation

References: (Kennedy and Greek, 1988; Collis et al., 1995; Johnsson et al., 1996; Shively et al., 1996; Pearsons and Hopley, 1999; Walter et al., 2005; Henderson and Letcher, 2011)

Issue: Introduction of parasites/pathogens

References: (Johnsen and Jensen, 1986; Elliott et al., 1997)

Anthropological

Issue: Overharvest

References: (Wright, 1981; Hilborn, 1985; Hindar et al., 1991; Laikre and Ryman, 1996; Beamish et al., 1997; Unwin and Glova, 1997)

Issue: Sociological impacts

References: (White et al., 1995; Holling and Meffe, 1996; Burton and Tegner, 2000; Landres et al., 2001; Holmlund and Hammer, 2004)