Footnotes
1 https://www.gov.scot/policies/managing-waste/litter-and-flytipping/
2 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scale-cost-litter-flytipping-scotland/. As outlined in the study, it is important to note using these figures carry a large degree of uncertainty as they assume the costs have remained the same when compared to 7 years ago, except for the adjustment for inflation and population growth in the 7 years period.
3 Data collected by the Scottish Liberal Democrats under FOI request to all Scottish local authorities and shared with Anthesis as part of this project. Also reported in: https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/scotland-fly-tipping-calls-for-tougher-action-to-punish-criminals-and-stamp-out-blight-of-illegal-rubbish-dumping-in-scotland-3966944
4 https://www.gov.scot/publications/criminal-proceedings-scotland-2020-21/documents/
5 https://www.gov.scot/publications/criminal-proceedings-scotland-2020-21/documents/
6 https://www.gov.scot/policies/managing-waste/litter-and-flytipping/
7 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scale-cost-litter-flytipping-scotland/. As outlined in the study, it is important to note using these figures carry a large degree of uncertainty as they assume the costs have remained the same when compared to 7 years ago, except for the adjustment for inflation and population growth in the 7 years period.
8 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/Scotland%27s%20Litter%20Problem%20-%20Full%20Final%20Report.pdf
9 https://www.gov.scot/publications/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/
10 https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/
11 https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/
12 https://consult.gov.scot/marine-scotland/updated-marine-litter-strategy-for-scotland/
13 https://www.gov.scot/publications/five-years-review-scotlands-national-litter-strategy/
14 https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-6spdjuv0-1683708179d
15 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/luwaey04/littering-in-scotland-survey-2022-final-301122.pdf
16 Data collected by the Scottish Liberal Democrats under FOI request to all Scottish local authorities and shared with Anthesis as part of this project. Also reported in: https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/scotland-fly-tipping-calls-for-tougher-action-to-punish-criminals-and-stamp-out-blight-of-illegal-rubbish-dumping-in-scotland-3966944
17 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/
18 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/
19 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/#:~:text=The%202021%2F22%20LEAMS%20audit&text=This%20year's%20LEAMS%20audit%20highlights,to%20be%20in%20urban%20areas
20 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/
21 https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-022-00170-3#:~:text=Objective,services%20were%20closed%20or%20disrupted
22 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2021/12/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/documents/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/govscot%3Adocument/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation.pdf
23 https://clearwaste.com/
24 https://www.skiphiremagazine.co.uk/2022/12/16/cost-of-living-crisis-may-further-increase-fly-tipping-incidents-say-recycling-experts-scott-bros/
25 Stakeholder engagement feedback
26 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2022/07/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/documents/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/govscot%3Adocument/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report.pdf
27 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/luwaey04/littering-in-scotland-survey-2022-final-301122.pdf
28 The percentage relates only to those responding the specific question, not the % of people responding to the consultation as a whole.
29 The percentage relates only to those responding the specific question, not the % of people responding to the consultation as a whole.
30 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scale-cost-litter-flytipping-scotland/. As outlined in the study, it is important to note using these figures carry a large degree of uncertainty as they assume the costs have remained the same when compared to 7 years ago, except for the adjustment for inflation and population growth in the 7 years period.
31 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scale-cost-litter-flytipping-scotland/. As outlined in the study, it is important to note using these figures carry a large degree of uncertainty as they assume the costs have remained the same when compared to 7 years ago, except for the adjustment for inflation and population growth in the 7 years period.
32 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/data.pdf
33 https://www.gov.scot/publications/code-practice-litter-refuse-scotland-2018/documents/
34 Environmental Protection Act 1990 s88
35 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2015/383/contents/made
36 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219604/lord_advocates_guidelines.pdf
37 Enforcement | Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)
38 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2021/12/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/documents/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/govscot%3Adocument/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation.pdf
39 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/section/87
40 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/lord-advocate-s-guidelines-liberation-by-the-police/html/
41 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2021/12/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/documents/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/govscot%3Adocument/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation.pdf
42 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/lord-advocate-s-guidelines-liberation-by-the-police/html/
43 https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/blog/national-park-authority-takes-action-fly-tipping/
44 https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-city-council-dishes-out-25844894
45 https://envirovue.io/uk-commercial-fly-tipping-fines/
46 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/about-copfs/our-role-in-the-justice-process/
47 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/prosecution-code/html/
48 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/about-copfs/our-role-in-the-justice-process/
49 https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/about-the-scottish-court-service
50 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/prosecution-code/html/
51 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/prosecution-code/html/
52 https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/prosecution-code/html/
53 Stakeholder engagement with COPFS
54 https://www.gov.scot/policies/managing-waste/litter-and-flytipping/
55 https://news.stv.tv/scotland/concern-as-just-15-of-fly-tipping-cases-result-in-prosecution-say-scottish-conservatives
56 Stakeholder engagement
57 Engagement with COPFS
58 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2015/383/made/data.pdf
59 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219604/lord_advocates_guidelines.pdf
60 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219242/enforcement-guidance.pdf
61 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60193454
62 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60193454
63 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60193454
64 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022
65 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022
66 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022#total-number-of-fly-tipping-incidents-in-england
67 https://www.materialfocus.org.uk/report-and-research/an-independent-study-fly-tipping-unregistered-waste-carriers-england/
68 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022
69 https://www.wastedataflow.org/
70 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents
71 https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05672/SN05672.pdf
72 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/29/contents
73 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/334/made
74 https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05672/SN05672.pdf
75 https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/sunak-promises-to-increase-fly-tipping-fines-from-400-to-1000/
76 https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/sunak-promises-to-increase-fly-tipping-fines-from-400-to-1000/
77 https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/sunak-promises-to-increase-fly-tipping-fines-from-400-to-1000/
78 https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/defra-to-provide-755000-fly-tipping-grants-for-local-authorities/
79 Written communication with the Environment Agency as part of this project.
80 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fly-tipping-council-responsibilities
81 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fly-tipping-council-responsibilities
82 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fly-tipping-council-responsibilities
83 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/env24-fly-tipping-incidents-and-actions-taken-in-england
84https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/environment_and_waste/street_care_and_cleaning/Litter_flytipping_and_enforcement.aspx
85 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/env24-fly-tipping-incidents-and-actions-taken-in-england
86 Reported here: https://www.londonworld.com/your-london/tower-hamlets/thousands-of-fly-tipping-incidents-in-tower-hamlets-4013413, with data officially recorded here https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/env24-fly-tipping-incidents-and-actions-taken-in-england
87 https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/fixed-penalty-notices-increased-help-curb-fly-tipping
88 https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/fixed-penalty-notices-increased-help-curb-fly-tipping
89 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/litter-and-littering-in-england-data-dashboard/litter-and-littering-in-england-2018-to-2019
90 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/litter-and-littering-in-england-data-dashboard/litter-and-littering-in-england-2018-to-2019
91 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/litter-and-littering-in-england-data-dashboard/litter-and-littering-in-england-2018-to-2019
92 https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/sites/default/files/resources/20200330%20KBT%20Litter%20Composition%20Report%20-%20FINAL.pdf
93 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents
94 https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/faqs/advice/litter-and-law#:~:text=People%20who%20drop%20litter%20can,could%20rise%20to%20%C2%A32%2C500
95 Supporting documents - Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (Scotland) 2018 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
96 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
97 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
98 London boroughs have this power under London Local Authorities Act 2007 (amended 2012). This was extended to all local authorities in 2018 in The Littering From Vehicles Outside London (Keepers: Civil Penalties) Regulations 2018.
99 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
100 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
101 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
102 https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/faqs/advice/litter-and-law#:~:text=Dropping%20litter%20is%20illegal.,could%20rise%20to%20%C2%A32%2C500.
103 https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/faqs/advice/litter-and-law#:~:text=People%20who%20drop%20litter%20can,could%20rise%20to%20%C2%A32%2C500.
104 https://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/streets-and-highway-maintenance/litter-street-care-and-cleaning/litter-campaigns#:~:text=Litter%20is%20against%20the%20law,fined%20up%20to%20%C2%A3150
105 https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/services/environment-and-waste/street-care-and-cleansing/litter#:~:text=The%20maximum%20fine%20for%20littering,penalty%20notice)%20and%20avoiding%20prosecution
106 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
107 https://www.gov.wales/local-authority-recorded-fly-tipping-april-2021-march-2022#:~:text=Fly%2Dtipping%20clearance%20in%20Wales,82%25%20resulted%20in%20a%20fine - Estimated clearance costs are based on the number of incidents broken down by size. This information is not recorded for all incidents. In 2021-22, size information was provided for 94% of incidents.
108 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2021-02/litter-and-fly-tipping-prevention-plan-wales-consultation-document_0.pdf
109 https://naturalresources.wales/guidance-and-advice/environmental-topics/waste-management/report-fly-tipping/?lang=en
110 https://www.flytippingactionwales.org/en
111 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf
112 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf
113 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents
114 https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05672/SN05672.pdf
115 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf
116 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf
117 https://www.gov.wales/local-authority-recorded-fly-tipping-april-2021-march-2022#:~:text=Fly%2Dtipping%20clearance%20in%20Wales,82%25%20resulted%20in%20a%20fine
118 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/All-Wales-Report-2021-22-Summary-English-1.pdf
119 https://inf.news/en/world/50245aea948c3bd4ab817575fe1e4e86.html
120 https://www.aklagare.se/om-brottsligheten/olika-brottstyper/miljobrott/
121 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
122 https://www.local.gov.uk/about/news/lga-increase-fly-tipping-fines-act-suitable-deterrent
123 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
124 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
125 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
126 https://envirotecmagazine.com/2023/02/02/using-technology-to-capture-and-deter-fly-tippers/#:~:text=Intelligence%20is%20transforming%20the%20way,especially%20at%20public%20recycling%20points
127 https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/westminster-trials-ai-powered-cctv-to-catch-fly-tippers/
128 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC0SRInOzbI
129 https://www.clearway.co.uk/news/fly-tippers-caught-on-cctv/
130 https://www.bradford.gov.uk/browse-all-news/press-releases/bradford-council-deploys-social-media-sting-operation-to-catch-fly-tippers/
131 https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/about-the-scottish-court-service/scs-news/2022/10/18/court-backlog-has-reduced-by-10000-since-the-start-of-the-year#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%20am%20delighted%20to%20report,by%20the%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic.
132 Stakeholder engagement (January 2023)
133 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022#key-points
134 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022#key-points
135 https://www.bolton.gov.uk/news/article/1128/flytippers-warned-they-are-being-watched
136 https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19348262.darwen-shock-innocent-residents-receive-threatening-council-fly-tipping-letters/
137 https://www.nelincs.gov.uk/council-gives-38-households-enforcement-warnings-for-repeatedly-messing-up-their-streets/
138 https://www.fife.gov.uk/news/2022/dont-rubbish-fife-council-launches-campaign-to-tackle-illegal-dumping
139 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/blogs/litter-fines-and-doing-time/
140 https://endplasticwaste.org/en/our-stories/the-countries-who-have-built-a-culture-of-cleanups
141 https://www.threerivers.gov.uk/news/s-c-r-a-p-fly-tipping-and-dispose-of-waste-responsibly
142 Suspect; Check; Refuse; Ask; Paperwork.
143 https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/proposals-for-bills/proposed-fly-tipping-scotland-bill
144 https://www.nfus.org.uk/news/blog/private-members-bill-could-offer-flytipping-solution
145 https://www.nfus.org.uk/news/blog/private-members-bill-could-offer-flytipping-solution
146 https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/circular-economy-scotland-bill
147 https://www.gov.scot/publications/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill/documents/
148 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2022/05/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill/documents/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill/govscot%3Adocument/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill.pdf
149 http://www.moray.gov.uk/moray_standard/page_136114.html
150 http://www.moray.gov.uk/moray_standard/page_139685.html
151 http://www.moray.gov.uk/moray_standard/page_139685.html
152 https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf
153 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf
154 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
155 https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/recycling-officers-report-insufficient-funding-for-waste-crime/
156 https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/recycling-officers-report-insufficient-funding-for-waste-crime/
157 https://coins.westlothian.gov.uk/coins/viewSelectedDocument.asp?c=e%97%9Dd%90i%7F%8C
158 https://coins.westlothian.gov.uk/coins/viewSelectedDocument.asp?c=e%97%9Dd%90i%7F%8C
159 https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf
160 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/blogs/litter-fines-and-doing-time/
161 The Flytipping Forum consists of: Scottish Government, Zero Waste Scotland, SEPA, Police Scotland, Keep Scotland Beautiful, National Farmers Union Scotland, Scottish Land and Estates, Woodland Trust Scotland, RMAS (Resource Management Association Scotland), Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Aberdeenshire Council, Eilean Siar Council, South Lanarkshire Council, Perth and Kinross Council, Falkirk Council, Glasgow City Council, Waste Managers Network, SOLACE, CoSLA.
162 https://scottishparc.co.uk/
163 http://www.llandough-cc.co.uk/_UserFiles/Files/_Other/Newsletter%20Spring%202021.pdf
164 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2014/06/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/documents/00452542-pdf/00452542-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00452542.pdf
165 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00824-1
166 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00824-1
167 https://www.bi.team/blogs/promoting-better-waste-management-with-behavioral-insights/
168 https://www.bi.team/blogs/promoting-better-waste-management-with-behavioral-insights/
169 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2022/07/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/documents/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/govscot%3Adocument/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report.pdf
170 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2022/07/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/documents/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/govscot%3Adocument/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report.pdf
171 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00824-1
172 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/blog/litter-fines-and-doing-time/
173 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/blog/litter-fines-and-doing-time/
174 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765914/resources-waste-strategy-dec-2018.pdf
175 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765914/resources-waste-strategy-dec-2018.pdf
176 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765914/resources-waste-strategy-dec-2018.pdf
177 https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-022-00170-3
178 Household waste collection | Urban Planning, Ecological Transition, Urban Services and Housing (barcelona.cat)
179 https://behaviourchangecornwall.co.uk/signs-to-stop-plastic/
180 https://www.sepa.org.uk/regulations/enforcement/penalties-imposed-and-undertakings-accepted/
181 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219243/communicating-penalties-and-undertakings-policy.pdf
182 The Flytipping Forum consists of: Scottish Government, Zero Waste Scotland, SEPA, Police Scotland, Keep Scotland Beautiful, National Farmers Union Scotland, Scottish Land and Estates, Woodland Trust Scotland, RMAS (Resource Management Association Scotland), Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Aberdeenshire Council, Eilean Siar Council, South Lanarkshire Council, Perth and Kinross Council, Falkirk Council, Glasgow City Council, Waste Managers Network, SOLACE, CoSLA.
183 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2022/07/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/documents/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/govscot%3Adocument/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report.pdf
184 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2021/12/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/documents/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/govscot%3Adocument/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation.pdf
185 Prosecution Code | COPFS
186 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2021/12/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/documents/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation/govscot%3Adocument/consultation-national-litter-flytipping-strategy-public-consultation.pdf
187 Stakeholder input
188 Stakeholder input
189 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2022/07/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/documents/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/govscot%3Adocument/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report.pdf
190 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-waste-tracking-service/mandatory-digital-waste-tracking
191 https://www.gov.scot/publications/five-years-review-scotlands-national-litter-strategy/
192 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2021-02/litter-and-fly-tipping-prevention-plan-wales-consultation-document_0.pdf
193 https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-qj9zglno-1676977132d#:~:text=Various%20sources%20reviewed%20suggest%20that,of%20flytipping%20in%20particular%20contexts.
194 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/#:~:text=The%202021%2F22%20LEAMS%20audit&text=This%20year's%20LEAMS%20audit%20highlights,to%20be%20in%20urban%20areas
195 ‘Unacceptable’ is the percentage of sites audited that were awarded a C or D grade classification for litter as defined by the Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (Scotland) 2006 (which defines what constitutes an unacceptable site).
196 https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23185573.deprived-areas-worse-affected-litter/
197 https://www.gov.scot/publications/code-practice-litter-refuse-scotland-2018/pages/2/
198 https://hsr.se/artiklar/nationell-matning
199 https://hsr.se/artiklar/sa-tycker-svenskarna-om-skrapet
200 https://www.naturvardsverket.se/om-oss/publikationer/6700/swedish-environmental-law
201 https://inf.news/en/world/50245aea948c3bd4ab817575fe1e4e86.html
202 https://www.aklagare.se/om-brottsligheten/olika-brottstyper/miljobrott/
203 https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/miljobalk-1998808_sfs-1998-808#K15
204 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1043986220927123
205 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1043986220927123
206 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2006/0024/latest/versions.aspx
207 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx
208 https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/waste/research-into-attitudes-to-waste-and-recycling/#littering-behaviours-and-motivations
209 https://www.knzb.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Illegal-Dumping-Literature-Review-2022.pdf
210 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx
211 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2006/0024/latest/versions.aspx
212 Note – dollars quoted are New Zealand Dollars
213 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx
214 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx
215 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx
216 https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/04/08/7
217 https://www.thelocal.es/20221004/you-can-now-be-fined-e2000-in-spain-for-leaving-cardboard-in-the-street/
218 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/top-campaigns
219 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/news/jul-2020/scotland-is-stunning-let-s-keep-it-that-way/
220 https://www.hubbub.org.uk/ballot-bin
221 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/some-best-litter-prevention-campaigns-around-world
222 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/some-best-litter-prevention-campaigns-around-world
