Scottish Connections (diaspora) work: qualitative research

Reports on findings from qualitative research looking at what successful a diaspora engagement strategy should consider and include. Provides a synthesis of existing evidence and an analysis of data from interviews and focus groups with key diaspora stakeholders.


Footnotes

1. McDonald, S and Murray, A. (2021), Literature review for the Scottish Government's Scottish Connections (Diaspora) work, Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research

2. Safran, W. (1991), 'Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return'. Diaspora vol.1.1, 83–99; Cohen, R. (1996). Global diasporas: an introduction. London: Routledge.

3. Esman, M. (2009), Diasporas in the contemporary world. Cambridge: Polity.

4. Shuval, J. (2000). 'Diaspora migration: definitional ambiguities and a theoretical paradigm'. International Migration, vol. 38.5, 41–57.

5. Kalm, S. (2013), 'Diaspora strategies as technologies of citizenship'. Global Society, vol. 27.3, 379–397; Ragazzi, F. (2014), 'A comparative analysis of diaspora policies', Political Geography 41, 71-89

6. Brinkerhoff, J. (2009), 'Creating an enabling environment for diasporas' participation in homeland development'. International Migration, vol 50. 1, 75–95.

7. Robinson, M. (1995) 'Cherishing the Irish diaspora', Address to the Houses of the Oireachtas, 2 February.

8. Basu, P. (2007), Highland homecomings: genealogy and heritage tourism in the Scottish diaspora. Abingdon: Routledge; Sim, D. (2011). American Scots: The Scottish Diaspora and the USA, Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.

9. MacAskill, K. and McLeish, H. (2007), Wherever the Saltire Flies. Edinburgh: Luath Press.

10. Carr, J. and Cavanagh L. (2009), Scotland's Diaspora and Overseas-Born Population, Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

11. Scotland.org - Scotland and Australia

12. Boyle, M. and Kitchin, R. (2011). A diaspora strategy for Canada? Enriching debate through heightening awareness of international practice. Maynooth: MIRSA Project Paper 11–1, p.4.

13. Kalm, S. (2013). 'Diaspora strategies as technologies of citizenship'. Global Society, vol. 27.3, p.380.

14. Leblang, D. (2010). 'Familiarity breeds investment: diaspora networks and international Investment'. American Political Science Review, vol. 104.3, p.584.

15. Larner, W. (2007). 'Expatriate experts and globalising governmentalities: the New Zealand diaspora strategy'. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. NS32, 331–345.

16. Kuznetsov, Y. (2013). Why is diaspora potential so elusive? Towards a new generation of initiatives to leverage countries' talent abroad. Washington DC: World Bank Institute.

17. Gamlen, A. (2011). Creating and destroying diaspora strategies. Oxford: University of Oxford International Migration Institute Working Paper 31, p.5.

18. Agunias, D. and Newland, K. (2012), Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development, Geneva: International Organisation for Migration, and Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute, p.29

19. Ho, E., Boyle, M. and Yeoh, B. (2015). 'Recasting diaspora strategies through feminist care ethics'. Geoforum 59, p.208.

20. Aikins, K. and White, N. (2011). Global diaspora strategies toolkit. Dublin: Diaspora Matters, pp.4-5.

21. Aikins, K., Sands, A. and White, N. (2009). The global Irish: making a difference together, Dublin: The Ireland Funds, p.4.

22. Timothy, D. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction. Bristol: Channel View; Basu, P. (2007). Highland homecomings: genealogy and heritage tourism in the Scottish diaspora. Abingdon: Routledge.

23. Collyer, M. (ed.) (2013). Emigration nations: policies and ideologies of emigrant engagement, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

24. Timothy, D.J. and Boyd, S.W. (2003). Heritage tourism. Harlow: Pearson.

25. Ragazzi, F. (2014), 'A comparative analysis of diaspora policies', Political Geography 41, pp 71-89.

26. Scottish Executive (2001). Scotland: A Global Connections Strategy, Edinburgh

27. Danson, M. and Mather, J. (2014). 'Doing business with the Scottish diaspora' in Leith, M. S. and Sim, D. (eds.), The modern Scottish diaspora: contemporary debates and perspectives, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 64–80.

28. Scottish Executive (2006). Scotland's strategy for stronger engagement with the USA, Edinburgh; TNS System Three (2007). USA Strategy Research Report. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research; Scottish Government (2017), Scotland's International Framework: US Engagement Strategy, Edinburgh.

29. Rutherford, A. (2009). Engaging with the Scottish Diaspora: Rationale, Benefits and Challenges. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

30. Scottish Government (2010). Diaspora Engagement Plan – Reaching out to Scotland's International Family, Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

31. Brinkerhoff, J. (2009). 'Creating an enabling environment for diasporas' participation in homeland development'. International Migration, vol 50. 1, 75–95.

32. Scotland.org

33. Leith, M. S. and Sim, D. (2016), 'Scotland's diaspora strategy: the view from the current American diaspora', Scottish Affairs 25.2, pp.186-208

34. Agunias, D. and Newland, K. (2012), Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development, Geneva: International Organisation for Migration, and Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute

35. Scottish Government (2020) Culture Strategy: vision and summary of actions

36. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework

37. Brown, I. (ed) (2010), From Tartan to Tartanry: Scottish culture, history and myth, Edinburgh University Press

38. Leith, M. S. and Sim, D. (2016), 'Scottish clan identities in America: symbolic or real?', Ethnic and Racial Studies 39.14, pp.2564-2582

39. McDonald, S. and Murray, A. (2021). Literature Review for the Scottish Government's Scottish Connections (diaspora) work, Edinburgh: Scottish Government

40.Ancien, D., Boyle, M. and Kitchin, R. (2009). The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland. Scottish Government Social Research.

41. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of the West of Scotland

42. Berard-Chagnon, J. and Canon, L. (2022). The Canadian diaspora: estimating the number of Canadian citizens who live abroad.

43. Carment, D. and Bercuson, D. (2008). The world in Canada: diaspora, demography and domestic politics, Montreal: McGill- Queens University Press

44. McDonald, S and Murray, A. (2021), Literature review for the Scottish Government's Scottish Connections (Diaspora) work, Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research

45. Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada (2011), Canadians abroad: Canada's global asset.

46. Woo, Y. P. (2021), 'Canadians living abroad should be embraced as hidden assets', Policy Options.

47. McDonald, S and Murray, A. (2021), Op. cit.

48. Global Canada website

49. The Canadian Expat website

50. Tammaru, T., Kumer-Haukanomm, K. and Anniste, K. (2010), 'The formation and development of the Estonian diaspora', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36.7, pp.1157-1174.

51. Saar, M. (2020), 'Diaspora policies, consular services and social protection for Estonian citizens abroad' in Laffeur, J.M. and Vintila, D. (eds.), Migration and social protection in Europe and Beyond, Vol 2, Springer IMISCOE Research Series, pp.161-176

52. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2021) Government approves the Foreign Ministry's action plans for climate diplomacy and the Estonian diaspora

53. Criekemans, D. (2010), 'Regional sub-state diplomacy from a comparative perspective', The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 5, pp.37-64

54. Government of Flanders. Strategy Paper, Flanders – United States of America.

55. Ancien, D., Boyle, M. and Kitchin, R. (2009), The Scottish diaspora and diaspora strategy: insights and lessons from Ireland, Edinburgh: Scottish Government

56. Aikins, K., Sands, A. and White, N. (2009), The Global Irish: making a difference together, Dublin: The Ireland Funds

57. Aikins, K. and Russell, M. (2013), 'Diaspora capital: why diaspora matters for policy and practice', Migration Policy Practice 3.4, pp.26-30

58. Global Ireland: Ireland's Diaspora strategy 2020-2025, Dublin: Government of Ireland

59. Support for the Irish Abroad: Annual Report 2019, Dublin: Government of Ireland Emigrant Support Programme

60. Safe Home Ireland – Emigrant Support Service

61. Crosscare - Supporting those most in need with Love, Respect and Excellence

62. Hickman, M. (2020), 'Diaspora policies, consular services and social protection for Irish citizens abroad', in Lafleur, J-M. and Vintila, D. (eds.), Migration and social protection in Europe and beyond, Volume 2, Springer, pp.259-272.

63. IamIrish - About

64. Leith, M. S. and Sim, D. (2016), 'Scotland's diaspora strategy: the view from the current American diaspora', Scottish Affairs 25.2, pp.186-208

65. Leith, M. S. and Sim, D. (2016), 'Scotland's diaspora strategy: the view from the current American diaspora', Scottish Affairs 25.2, pp.186-208

66. Basu, P. (2007), Highland homecomings: genealogy and heritage tourism in the Scottish diaspora, London: Routledge

67. Newland, K., & Taylor, C. (2010). Heritage tourism and nostalgia trade: A diaspora niche in the development landscape. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, p.4

68. BBC News (2022) Why are Chinese students so keen on the UK?

69. The Times (2022) Share of Scottish university fees from Chinese students revealed

70. For example, while we sought to engage with alumni diaspora in China, this was unsuccessful, and potentially illustrates the need for special attention to an area where many alumni diaspora do clearly exist. Scottish HE institutions would provide a clear link to such groups.

Contact

Email: cj.cook@gov.scot

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