Building standards - non-domestic buildings - ventilation: research

Project to identify any evidence of where the guidance in Standard 3.14 needs to be updated in order to provide greater assurance that adequate ventilation is provided in new non-domestic buildings, which mitigates the transmission of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

This document is part of a collection


Footnotes

1. HSE, 2022, Ventilation in the workplace

2. Building (Scotland) Act 2003

3. Building standards technical handbook 2022: non-domestic

4. World Health Organization. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations: Scientific brief, 27 March 2020.

5. PHE, (2020), COVID-19: epidemiology, virology and clinical features.

6. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Role of ventilation in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission

7. The workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

8. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

9. World Health Organization. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations: Scientific brief, 27 March 2020.

10. HSE, 2020, Guidance COVID-19: Epidemiology, virology and clinical features

11. CDC (2020), SARS-CoV-2 Transmission.

12. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Role of ventilation in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission

13. The workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

14. HSE, 2021, Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Advice for workplaces

15. HSE, 2021, Ventilation and air conditioning during the COVID-19 pandemic (version 5, 16th July 2021) (Paper no longer available).

16. BEIS/DCMS, (2021), Working safely during coronavirus (COVID-19).

17. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

18. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

19. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

20. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

21. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

22. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta, 2019.

23. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta, 2019.

24. ASHRAE 2020 Position Document on Infectious Aerosols, p.9

25. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Role of ventilation in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, p.8

26. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1

27. European collaborative action 'Indoor air quality and its impact on man'

28. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1

29. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1

30. ECDC, (2020), European Centre for Disease Control: Guidelines for the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. 24 September 2020

31. ECDC, (2020), European Centre for Disease Control: Guidelines for the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. 24 September 2020

32. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1

33. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1

34. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1, p.27

35. European Commission 2019, Ventilation rate

36. SAGE-EMG, (2021). EMG and SPI-B: Application of CO2 monitoring as an approach to managing ventilation to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 27 May 2021.

37. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation

38. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Role of ventilation in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, p.2

39. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Role of ventilation in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, p.2

40. CIBSE, 2021, COVID-19: Ventilation, p.i

41. Bodin-Danielsson, C., Chungkham, H.S., Wulff, C. and Westerlund, H., 2014. Office design's impact on sick leave rates. Ergonomics, 57(2), pp.139-147.

42. Lu, J. et al. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak associated with air conditioning in restaurant, Guangzhou, China,.

43. Lipinski, T. et al. (2021), Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings

44. Lipinski, T. et al. (2021), Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings

45. Lipinski, T. et al. (2021), Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings

46. Roy, C.J. and Milton, D.K., (2004). Airborne transmission of communicable infection-the elusive pathway.

47. Talic, S., et al. 2021. Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.

48. Ashworth, (2021), Effectiveness of public health measures against covid-19 – ventilation has a major role

49. Fennelly, K.P., 2020. Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control

50. Morawska, & Milton. (2020). How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

51. Guo, Z.-D. et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards

52. World Health Organization. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations: Scientific brief, 27 March 2020.

53. Correia et al. (2020). Airborne route and bad use of ventilation systems as non-negligible factors in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

54. Chirico, et al. (2020). Can air-conditioning systems contribute to the spread of SARS/MERS/COVID-19 infection? Insights from a rapid review of the literature

55. Shiu, et al. 2019. Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses

56. Li, et al. (2020) The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review.

57. Tellier, Ret al. 2019. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary.

58. Rosario et al. (2020). Relationship between COVID-19 and weather: Case study in a tropical country.

59. Ratnesar-Shumate, et al. 2020. Simulated sunlight rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces.

60. Biryukov, et al. 2020. Increasing temperature and relative humidity accelerates inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces.

61. Bulfone, et al. (2020). Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other Respiratory Viruses

62. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1, p.12

63. Gordon, et al. (2020). Built Environment Airborne Infection Control Strategies in Pandemic Alternative Care Sites.

64. Kramer et al. 2006. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review.

65. Sjödin, et al. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak on the diamond princess cruise ship

66.Tang, J. W. (2009). The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents.

67. Sjödin, et al. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak on the diamond princess cruise ship

68. Leclerc et al. (2020). What settings have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters?

69. Qian et al. 2021. Indoor transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2.

70. Park, et al. 2020. Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea

71. Luo, et al. 2020, October. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in public transportation vehicles: a case study in Hunan Province, China

72. ISO, (2017): https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:16814:ed-1:v1:en

73. Melikov, et al. 2011. Novel ventilation strategy for reducing the risk of airborne cross infection in hospital rooms.

74. Thatiparti, et al. 2016. Assessing effectiveness of ceiling-ventilated mock airborne infection isolation room in preventing hospital-acquired influenza transmission to health care workers.

75. Phiri, 2014. Health Building Note 00-01 General design Guidance for Healthcare Buildings. UK Government.

76. Morawska, et al. 2020. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

77. Bhagat et al., (2020) Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

78. Bhagat et al., (2020) Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

79. Linden, P.F., 1979. Mixing in stratified fluids. Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics

80. Bhagat et al., (2020) Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

81. Gilkeson et al. 2013. Measurement of ventilation and airborne infection risk in large naturally ventilated hospital wards. Building and environment

82. WHO (2020a) Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations: Scientific brief, 27 March 2020.

83. CEN EN16798-7:2017 Energy performance of buildings – ventilation for buildings – Part 7

84. Walker and Ko, 2007. Effect of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation on viral aerosols.

85. McDevitt et al. 2007. Characterization of UVC light sensitivity of vaccinia virus.

86. Xu et al. 2003. Efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of upper-room air in inactivating airborne bacterial spores and mycobacteria in full-scale studies. Atmospheric Environment

87. McDevitt et al., 2012. Aerosol susceptibility of influenza virus to UV-C light.

88. McLean, R.L., 1961. The effect of ultraviolet radiation upon the transmission of epidemic influenza in long-term hospital patients. Am Rev Respir Dis, 83(2 Part 2), pp.36-8.

89. McDevitt et al., 2012. Aerosol susceptibility of influenza virus to UV-C light.

90. Darnell et al. 2004. Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV.

91. Bedell, et al. 2016. Efficacy of an automated multiple emitter whole-room ultraviolet-C disinfection system against coronaviruses MHV and MERS-CoV.

92. Noakes, et al. 2015. Modeling infection risk and energy use of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems in multi-room environments.

93. Young and Wormser, 1994. The resurgence of tuberculosis. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

94. Xu et al. 2003. Efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of upper-room air in inactivating airborne bacterial spores and mycobacteria in full-scale studies. Atmospheric Environment

95. McLean, R.L., 1961. The effect of ultraviolet radiation upon the transmission of epidemic influenza in long-term hospital patients. Am Rev Respir Dis, 83(2 Part 2), pp.36-8.

96. Rudnick and Milton, 2003. Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration. Indoor air

97. Bhagat et al., (2020) Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

98. Wessendorf, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Dynamics, Outcome, and Prerequisites of the first German SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading Event.

99. Wessendorf, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Dynamics, Outcome, and Prerequisites of the first German SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading Event.

100. Wessendorf, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Dynamics, Outcome, and Prerequisites of the first German SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading Event.

101. Santarpia, et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care

102. Günther et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation in a German meat processing plant.

103. Pokora et al. (2021) Investigation of superspreading COVID-19 outbreak events in meat and poultry processing plants in Germany: A cross-sectional study.

104. Wessendorf, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Dynamics, Outcome, and Prerequisites of the first German SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading Event.

105. Pokora et al. (2021) Investigation of superspreading COVID-19 outbreak events in meat and poultry processing plants in Germany: A cross-sectional study.

106. Nazarenko (2020). Air filtration and SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiol Health

107. Wessendorf, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Dynamics, Outcome, and Prerequisites of the first German SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading Event.

108. Booth, et al., (2013) Effectiveness of surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols

109. Pease et al., (2021) Investigation of potential aerosol transmission and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 through central ventilation systems. Building and environment

110. Sornboot et al., (2019) Detection of airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in high-risk areas of health care facilities in Thailand.

111. Kim et al. (2016) Extensive viable middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards.

112. Kormuth et al., (2018) Influenza virus infectivity is retained in aerosols and droplets independent of relative humidity.

113. Pease et al., (2021) Investigation of potential aerosol transmission and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 through central ventilation systems. Building and environment

114. Marr et al., (2019) Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence.

115. Pyankov et al., (2018): Survival of aerosolized coronavirus in the ambient air.

116. Tang, J. W. (2009). The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents.

117. van Doremalen et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1.

118. Persily et al., (2007) Building retrofits for increased protection against airborne chemical and biological releases. National Institute of Standards and Technology

119. Knibbs et al., (2012) The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars.

120. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) Scientific Brief: Sars-Cov-2 Transmission

121. Leung, et al. 2020. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks.

122. Guo, Z.-D. et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards

123. Ong, S. W. X. et al. (2020) Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient.

124. Chia, P. Y. et al. (2020). Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients.

125. Liu, Y. et al. (2020) Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals.

126. Morawska, L. & Cao, J. (2020), Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality.

127. Kim et al. (2016) Extensive viable middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards.

128. Yu, I. T. S. et al. (2004). Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus.

129. Nissen (2020): Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards.

130. Nissen (2020): Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards.

131. Qian & Zheng (2018). Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings.

132. Nissen (2020): Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards.

133. Qian & Zheng (2018). Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings.

134. Quraishi, et al. (2020). A. Indoor temperature and relative humidity in hospitals: Workplace considerations during the novel coronavirus pandemic.

135. Bin, S. Y. et al. (2016). Environmental contamination and viral shedding in MERS patients during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea

136. Ong, S. W. X. et al. (2020) Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient.

137. Correia et al. (2020). Airborne route and bad use of ventilation systems as non-negligible factors in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

138. Nissen (2020): Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards.

139. Nissen (2020): Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards.

140. Siegel, et al. (2007). Guideline for isolation precautions: Preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings.

141. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

142. Dietz, et al. (2019). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission systems

143. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

144. Biryukov, et al. 2020. Increasing temperature and relative humidity accelerates inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces.

145. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

146. Dietz, et al. (2019). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission systems

147. Schuit et al. (2020). Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight

148. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

149. Bedell, et al. 2016. Efficacy of an automated multiple emitter whole-room ultraviolet-C disinfection system against coronaviruses MHV and MERS-CoV.

150. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

151. Dietz, et al. (2019). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission systems

152. Schuit et al. (2020). Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight

153. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

154. van Doremalen et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1.

155. Riddell et al. (2020) The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

156. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

157. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

158. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

159. Hyde et al. 2021. Australia must act to prevent airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

160. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

161. SAGE-EMG, (2021). EMG and SPI-B: Application of CO2 monitoring as an approach to managing ventilation to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 27 May 2021.

162. Hyde et al. 2021. Australia must act to prevent airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

163. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

164. Burridge HC et al. (2021) The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

165. REHVA 2021, REHVA COVID 19 Guidance version 4.1, p.27

166. Lu, J. et al. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak associated with air conditioning in restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020.

167. Watts, 2022, Feature: What the updated building regulations mean for air quality

168. Bhagat et al., (2020) Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

169. Watts, 2022, Feature: What the updated building regulations mean for air quality

170. SAGE-EMG, (2020), EMG: Potential application of Air Cleaning devices and personal decontamination to manage transmission of COVID-19.

171. HSE, Legionnaires disease: Reviewing what you do

172. How your Low Carbon Home Works

Contact

Email: buildingstandards@gov.scot

Back to top