Scottish Offshore Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) - fisheries management measures: fisheries assessment – Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA

2. Part A Assessment – Fisheries Screening

2.1 Fisheries screening overview

Part A of this assessment considers whether the fishing activity would be capable of affecting the protected features of an NCMPA or any ecological or geomorphological process on which the conservation of any protected feature is dependent. This section looks at the pressures exerted by the fishing activity occurring in the site (within the assessment period) in relation to the sensitivities of the protected features. Activities potentially capable of affecting the protected feature were identified where there was both a medium-high risk of a pressure arising from the fishing activity and if any of the features were considered sensitive to that pressure. These pressure-features interactions were then taken forward to the fisheries assessment stage (Part B) to determine whether the fishing activity in question would or might hinder the achievement of the conservation objectives.

For each activity assessed in Part A, there were two possible outcomes for each identified pressure-feature interaction:

1. The pressure-feature interactions were not included for Part B:

a. If the feature is not exposed to the pressure, and is not likely to be in the future; or

b. If the effect/impact of the pressure is non-existent or insignificant.

2. The pressure-feature interactions were included for assessment in Part B:

a. If the feature is exposed to the pressure, or is it likely to be in the future; and

b. If the pressure is capable of affecting the feature; or

c. If it is not possible to determine whether the pressure is capable of affecting the feature.

Part B of the assessment considers the potential for activities to affect the feature by assessing the impact of fishing gears identified in Part A. This involves determining the level of interaction between the feature and the fishing activity, assessing the potential impact on the feature, and subsequently if fishing activities would or might hinder the achievement of the conservation objectives for the site.

Consideration of exposure to and the effect of a pressure on a protected feature of the NCMPA includes the consideration of exposure to and the effect of that pressure on any ecological or geomorphological process on which the conservation of the protected feature is wholly or in part dependant.

The JNCC Conservation Advice package and Fisheries Management Options Paper for Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA have been used to inform this assessment. This is the most recent assessment package and options paper available.

Where appropriate, this advice has been supplemented by information on feature sensitivity from MarLIN and pressures associated with fishing activity from the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022 and the Feature Activity Sensitivity Tool (FeAST).

2.2 Activities taking place within Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA

To screen out fishing activities that were not taking place within the site or likely to take part on the future, vessel monitoring system (VMS) data within Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA from 2015 to 2019 were analysed to identify the gear types being used in the site, and the aggregated gear method (Table 1). The fishing gears screened out at this stage were not taken forward to Part B of the assessment.

2.3 Potential pressures exerted by site fishing activity

The potential pressures that could be exerted by fishing activities occurring within the site (demersal trawls and demersal seines) were determined using the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022. The potential pressures that could be exerted by demersal trawls are summarised in Table 2.

2.4 Significance of effects/impacts to protected features

To determine whether each pressure could be capable of affecting the site’s features, the sensitivity assessments and risk profiling of pressures from the JNCC Advice on Operations from the site conservation package and the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022 were used. For the Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA, following JNCC advice, FeAST was used to establish the feature sensitivity to the relevant pressures for ocean quahog aggregation and offshore subtidal sands and gravels feature. This was to ensure the most up to date sensitivity evidence was used.

As Offshore subtidal sands and gravels are not a feature assessed within FeAST, Continental shelf mixed sediments were used as a comparable habitat. This decision was informed by the Data confidence assessment undertaken for the NCMPA which utilised predictive habitat map EUSeaMap^[1]. This was used to indicate extent of supporting habitats within the site. The map is the result of work undertaken by a consortium lead by the JNCC to combine physical data describing the marine environment with information from biological sampling, generating a broad-scale habitat model of seabed habitats from which a predictive map was created (Cameron & Askew, 2011).

EUSeaMap (2023) predicts that suitable habitat for colonisation by Ocean quahog occurs throughout the NCMPA area. The following habitats are predicted to be present: A5.15 Deep circalittoral coarse sediment and A5.27 Deep circalittoral sand (the dominant habitat type covering 97% of the NCMPA). These components are all considered suitable habitat type for ocean quahog colonisation (Witbaard and Bergman, 2003; Sabatini and Pizzolla, 2008). Confidence in the presence and extent of the protected features has been set out in the Data Confidence Assessment.

Considering both the information on pressure activity association (Table 2) and the sensitivity of the features (Table 3), pressures that have the potential to affect the feature are summarised in Table 4.

Pressures that are not relevant to demersal trawls and demersal seines, (pressures that are not exerted by that fishing activity: ‘not relevant to the activity’ in Table 4) do not need to be considered further in the assessment. According to the PAD methods document (Robson et al., 2018), pressures with low risk profiles (i.e. ‘low’ risk profile for the activity: Table 2 and Table 4) generally do not occur at a level of concern and should not require consideration as part of an assessment, unless there are evidence-based case or site-specific factors that increase the risk, or there is uncertainty on the level of pressure on a receptor. Pressures with ‘medium-high’ risk profiles are commonly induced by the activity at a level that needs to be considered further as part of an assessment.

Of all the pressures considered, five have a medium-high risk profile (PAD) and have a medium high sensitivity: abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed, changes in suspended solids (water clarity), penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion, removal of non-target species and smothering and siltation rate changes (light). These five pressures are subsequently considered to have the potential to affect the protected features. All five of these pressures are exerted by demersal trawls and demersal seines.

To ensure the effects of fishing activities in-combination with other activities (including other fishing activities) are fully assessed, the pressures from fishing activities which were not considered capable of having a significant effect but which do interact with the features are considered in the in-combination aspect of the assessment (Part C).

Table 4. Summary of pressures that could be capable of affecting the protected features, based on pressure-activity associations and sensitivity. Pressures that are capable of affecting are in dark blue.

Potential pressure: Above water noise

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – not relevant to activity.

Potential pressure: Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: Yes – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile AND the feature is sensitive to this pressure.

Potential pressure: Barrier to species movement

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – pressure is not relevant to the feature or activity.

Potential pressure: Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: Yes – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile AND the sensitivity of the feature is classed as not assessed.

Potential pressure: Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and not relevant to the feature.

Potential pressure: Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g. boats, machinery and structures)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and not relevant to the feature.

Potential pressure: Deoxygenation

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and feature is not sensitive.

Potential pressure: Hydrocarbon and PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – although the feature is sensitive there is a low risk profile for activity.

Potential pressure: Introduction of light

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and not relevant to the feature.

Potential pressure: Introduction of microbial pathogens

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – pressure is not relevant to the feature or activity.

Potential pressure: Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity.

Potential pressure: Litter

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity.

Potential pressure: Nutrient enrichment

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity.

Potential pressure: Organic enrichment

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and feature is not sensitive.

Potential pressure: Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: Yes – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile AND the feature is sensitive to this pressure

Potential pressure: Physical change (to another seabed type)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – although the feature is sensitive to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential pressure: Physical change (to another sediment type)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – although the feature is sensitive to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential pressure: Removal of target species

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile, however the pressure is not relevant to the feature.

Potential pressure: Removal of non-target species

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: Yes – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile AND the feature is sensitive to this pressure.

Potential pressure: Smothering and siltation rate changes (light)

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: Yes – the pressure has a Medium-high risk profile AND the feature is sensitive to the pressure.

Potential pressure: Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – although the feature is sensitive to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential pressure: Transition elements and organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – although the feature is sensitive to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential pressure: Underwater noise changes

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and feature is not sensitive.

Potential pressure: Visual disturbance

Fishing activity – Demersal Seines and Demersal Trawls: No – low risk profile for activity and feature is not sensitive.

2.5 Part A Conclusion

Considering the information on pressures and sensitivity above, demersal trawls and demersal seines have the potential to affect the Ocean quahog aggregations and the supporting Offshore subtidal sands and gravel features in the Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain NCMPA, through abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed, changes in suspended solids (water clarity), penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion, removal of non-target species and smothering and siltation rate changes (light). These five pressures are considered to have the potential to affect the features are taken through to Part B of the assessment.