Scottish Offshore Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) - fisheries management measures: fisheries assessment – Central Fladen NCMPA

2 Part A assessment- fisheries screening

2.1 Fisheries screening overview

Part A of this assessment considers whether the fishing activity would be capable of affecting the protected features of an NCMPA or any ecological or geomorphological process on which the conservation of any protected feature is dependent.

In Part A of this assessment the pressure-feature interactions were assessed to determine if the activities are capable of affecting the protected feature. This section looks at the pressures exerted by the fishing activity occurring in the site (within the assessment period) in relation to the sensitivities of the protected features. Activities potentially capable of affecting the protected feature were identified where there was both a medium-high risk of a pressure arising from the fishing activity and if any of the features were considered sensitive to that pressure. These pressure-features interactions were then taken forward to the fisheries assessment stage (Part B) to determine whether the fishing activity in question would or might hinder the achievement of the conservation objectives.

For each activity assessed in Part A, there were two possible outcomes for each identified pressure-feature interaction:

1. The pressure-feature interactions were not included for Part B:

a. If the feature is not exposed to the pressure, and is not likely to be in the future; or

b. If the effect/impact of the pressure is non existent or insignificant.

2. The pressure-feature interactions were included for assessment in Part B:

a. If the feature is exposed to the pressure, or is it likely to be in the future; and

b. If the pressure is capable of affecting the feature; or

c. If it is not possible to determine whether pressure is capable of affecting the feature.

Part B of the assessment considers the potential for activities to affect the feature by assessing the impact of fishing gears identified in Part A. This involves determining the potential level of interaction between the feature and the fishing activity, assessing the potential impact on the feature, and subsequently if fishing activities would or might hinder the achievement of the conservation objectives for the site.

Consideration of exposure to and the effect of a pressure on a protected feature of the NCMPA includes the consideration of exposure to and the effect of that pressure on any ecological or geomorphological process on which the conservation of the protected feature is wholly or in part dependant.

The JNCC conservation advice package and Fisheries Management Options Paper has been used to inform this assessment. These are the most recent assessment package and options paper available.

Where appropriate, this advice has been supplemented by information on feature sensitivity from the Feature Activity Sensitivity Tool (FeAST) and pressures associated with fishing activity from the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022.

2.2 Activities taking place within Central Fladen NCMPA

To screen out fishing activities that were not taking place within the site or likely to take place in the future, vessel monitoring system (VMS) data within Central Fladen NCMPA from 2015 – 2019 were analysed to identify the gear types being used in the site, and the aggregated gear method (Table 1). The fishing gears screened out at this stage were not taken forward to Part B of the assessment.

Table 1. Gear types recorded from the site based on VMS data from 2015 – 2019.

Gear Type	Specific Gear Type	Gear code	Aggregated Gear Method
Towed	Bottom otter trawl	OTB	Demersal Trawls
Towed	Multi-rig trawls	OTT	Demersal Trawls
Towed	Pair trawl	PTB	Demersal Trawls
Towed	Nephrops trawls	TBN	Demersal Trawls
Towed	Bottom trawls (not specified)	TB	Demersal Trawls
Towed	Scottish fly/seine	SSC	Demersal Seines
Towed (pelagic)	Mid-water trawl (single)	OTM	Pelagic fishing
Towed (pelagic)	Mid-water (pair)	PTM	Pelagic fishing
Towed (pelagic)	Purse seines	PS	Pelagic fishing

Although pelagic trawling fishing occurs within the site, this is not considered capable of affecting the protected features as this fishing activity does not have contact with the seabed.

2.3 Potential pressures exerted by site fishing activity

According to the JNCC Central Fladen NCMPA Management Options Paper (2014), the fishing activities considered capable of affecting burrowed mud are bottom contacting mobile fishing gear; otter trawling and demersal seine netting.

The potential pressures that could be exerted by fishing activities considered capable of affecting the burrowed mud feature (demersal trawls and demersal seines) were determined using the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022. The potential pressures that could be exerted by demersal trawls are summarised in Table 2.

Table 2. Potential pressures exerted by demersal trawls and demersal seines taken from the JNCC Marine Pressures-Activities Database (PAD) v1.5 2022. The PAD risk profiling of pressures score represents the general risk of the pressure pose to the environment under normal conditions. Pressures are considered to pose a medium/high risk (dark blue), low risk (light blue), or are not relevant to the activity (white).

PAD pressure	Demersal trawls	Demersal seines
Transition elements and organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC	Low	Low
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.	Low	Low
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.	Low	Low
Deoxygenation	Low	Low
Nutrient enrichment	Low	Low
Organic enrichment	Low	Low
Physical change (to another seabed type)	Low	Low
Physical change (to another sediment type)	Low	Low
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed	Medium-high	Medium-high
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion	Medium-high	Medium-high
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)	Medium-high	Medium-high
Smothering and siltation rate changes (Light)	Medium-high	Medium-high
Litter	Low	Low
Underwater noise changes	Low	Low
Introduction of light	Low	Low
Barrier to species movement	Not relevant	Not relevant
Collision below water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g. boats, machinery and structures)	Low	Low
Visual disturbance	Low	Low
Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)	Low	Low
Removal of target species	Medium-high	Medium-high
Removal of non-target species	Medium-high	Medium-high

2.4 Significance of effects/impacts to protected features

In the absence of a JNCC Advice on Operations advice package for this site, the Feature Activity Sensitivity Tool (FeAST) was used to determine the potential sensitivity of the burrowed mud feature (Table 3) to the pressures exerted by the relevant fishing activities (Table 2).

Table 3 identifies the pressures from particular gears that could be capable of affecting each feature. Where a pressure from a particular gear is identified as being capable of affecting a feature, justification is provided. To ensure the effects of fishing activities in-combination with other activities (including other fishing activities) are fully assessed, the pressures from fishing activities which were not identified as being capable of affecting a feature but which do interact with the feature are considered in the in-combination aspect of the assessment (Part C).

Table 3. Summary of the FeAST sensitivity assessment for burrowed mud using the pressures associated with demersal trawls and demersal seines activity occurring in the site (Table 2). The features are categorised as having high sensitivity (dark blue), medium sensitivity (dark blue), not assessed (dark blue), sensitive (light blue), not sensitive (white), not exposed (white), and unknown (white). Unknown is used where there is no information in FeAST about the sensitivity of this habitat to the pressure listed. Further details on these categories are available in the associated methods document.

Potential pressure

Deoxygenation

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Low

Potential pressure

Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Sensitive

Potential pressure

Nutrient enrichment

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Organic enrichment

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Medium

Potential pressure

Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Sensitive

Potential pressure

Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Sensitive

Potential pressure

Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Medium

Potential pressure

Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Low

Potential pressure

Collision below water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Introduction of light

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Litter

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Medium

Potential pressure

Physical change (to another seabed type)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

High

Potential pressure

Physical change (to another sediment type)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

High

Potential pressure

Smothering and siltation rate changes (Light)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Low

Potential pressure

Underwater noise changes

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not sensitive

Potential pressure

Visual disturbance

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Not assessed

Potential pressure

Removal of non-target species

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Medium*

Potential pressure

Removal of target species

Protected feature -Burrowed mud sensitivity

Medium

An asterisk is used to denote an underlaying range of sensitivities for habitat features (e.g. due to the feature including species with a range of different sensitivities to a pressure). High* denotes that the highest sensitivity score for the features is high; medium* denotes that the highest sensitivity score for the feature is medium.

Considering both the information on the pressure activity association (Table 2) and the sensitivity of burrowed mud feature (Table 3), pressures that have the potential to affect the feature are summarised in Table 4.

Pressures that are not relevant to demersal trawls and demersal seines (pressures that are not exerted by that fishing activity: ‘not relevant to the activity’ in Table 2) do not need to be considered further in the assessment. According to the PAD methods document (Robson et al., 2018), pressures with low risk profiles (i.e. ‘low’ risk profile for the activity: Tables 2 & 4) generally do not occur at a level of concern and should not require consideration as part of an assessment, unless there are evidence-based case or site-specific factors that increase the risk, or there is uncertainty on the level of pressure on a receptor. Pressures with ‘medium-high’ risk profiles are commonly induced by the activity at a level that needs to be considered further as part of an assessment.

Pressures that were not relevant to the feature, do not need to be considered further in the assessment (Table 3). Pressures where the feature was ‘not sensitive’ (Table 4) can also be screened out. Any pressures that do not have a sensitivity assessment (either ‘not assessed’ or ‘no evidence’) should be considered as this does not mean that the feature is not sensitive, only that there is insufficient evidence to make an assessment.

Pressures with a medium-high risk profile in PAD and to which FeAST assessed the feature as being sensitive, medium sensitivity or high sensitivity have the potential to affect the feature.

Of all the pressures considered, four have medium-high profiles (PAD) and have medium-high sensitivity (FeAST); abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed; penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion; removal of target species and removal of non-target species (Table 4). These four pressures are subsequently considered to have the potential to affect the burrowed mud feature. All four of these pressures were exerted by demersal trawls and demersal seines.

To ensure the effects of fishing activities in-combination with other activities (including other fishing activities) are fully assessed, the pressures from fishing activities which were not identified as capable of affecting the feature but which do interact with the features are considered in the in-combination aspect of the assessment (Part C).

Table 4. Summary of pressures that have the potential to affect the feature, based on pressure-activity associations (Table 2) and sensitivity of the subtidal sands and gravels feature (Table 3). Pressures with the potential to affect the feature are in dark blue.

Potential Pressure

Transition elements and organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although feature likely to be sensitive, there is a low risk profile for this activity.

Potential Pressure

Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - although feature likely to be sensitive, there is a low risk profile for this activity.

Potential Pressure

Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex two of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - although feature likely to be sensitive, there is a low risk profile for this activity.

Potential Pressure

Deoxygenation

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – low sensitivity and the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential Pressure

Nutrient enrichment

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – low risk profile for this activity.

Potential Pressure

Organic enrichment

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although burrowed mud has a medium sensitivity to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential Pressure

Physical change (to another seabed type)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although the features have high sensitivity to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential Pressure

Physical change (to another sediment type)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although the features have high sensitivity to this pressure, the pressure has a low risk profile for the activity.

Potential Pressure

Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

Yes – the pressure has a medium-high risk profile and the burrowed mud has medium sensitivity to this pressure.

Potential Pressure

Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

Yes – the pressure has a medium-high risk profile and the burrowed mud has medium sensitivity to this pressure.

Potential Pressure

Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although this pressure has a medium-high risk profile, burrowed mud only has a low sensitivity to this pressure

Potential Pressure

Smothering and siltation rate changes (Light)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – although this pressure has a medium-high risk profile, burrowed mud only has a low sensitivity to this pressure

Potential Pressure

Litter

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - low risk profile for activity.

Potential Pressure

Underwater noise changes

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – the pressure is not relevant to the feature (not sensitive).

Potential Pressure

Introduction of light

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - low risk profile for activity

Potential Pressure

Collision below water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g. boats, machinery and structures)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No – the pressure is not relevant to the feature.

Potential Pressure

Visual disturbance

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - low risk profile for activity

Potential Pressure

Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

No - low risk profile for activity

Potential Pressure

Removal of target species

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

Yes – the pressure has a medium-high risk profile and burrowed mud has medium sensitivity to this pressure

Potential Pressure

Removal of non-target species

Demersal Trawls and Demersal seines

Yes – the pressure has a medium-high risk profile and burrowed mud has medium* sensitivity to this pressure

An asterisk is used to denote an underlaying range of sensitivities for habitat features (e.g. due to the feature including species with a range of different sensitivities to a pressure). High* denotes that the highest sensitivity score for the features is high; medium* denotes that the highest sensitivity score for the feature is medium.

2.5 Part A conclusion

Considering the information on pressures and sensitivity above, demersal trawls and demersal seines have the potential to affect the burrowed mud within Central Fladen NCMPA, through abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed; penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion; removal of target species and removal of non-target species. The four pressures considered to have the potential to affect burrowed muds are taken through to Part B of the assessment.