Publication - Research and analysis
Spread of invasive species into Scotland: study
A horizon scanning study involving analysis of pathways of spread of invasive non-native species into Scotland. It considers species having the highest likelihood of arrival and establishment and the magnitude of their potential negative impact on biodiversity and ecosystems over the next 10 years.
Annex 3: Compiled long list of INNS: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Impacts
| Species name | English name | HS expert group | Arrival | Estab. | Bio. impact | Overall score[12] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anemanthele lessoniana | Pheasant's- tail | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Crepidula fornicata | Mollusc | Marine | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Dreissena polymorpha | Zebra mussel | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Vespa velutina | Asian hornet | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Dreissena rostriformis bugensis | Quagga mussel | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Corythucha arcuata | Oak lace bug | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Baccharis halimifolia | Tree groundsel | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Gyrodactylus salaris | Salmon fluke | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Agrilus planipennis | Emerald ash borer | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Vaccinium corymbosum (and hybrids) | Highbush blueberry | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Procyon lotor | Raccoon | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum | Parrot's feather | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Muntiacus reevesi | Reeve's muntjac | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Hydrocotyle ranunculoides | Floating pennywort | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Corbicula fluminea | Asian clam | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Australoplana sanguinea | Flatworm | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Caenoplana variegata (formerly known as C. bicolor) | Southampton flatworm | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Kontikia andersoni | Flatworm | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Obama nungara | Obama flatworm | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 5 | 125 |
| Ailanthus altissima | Tree of heaven | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 5 | 100 |
| Sander lucioperca | Zander | Freshwater | 4 | 5 | 5 | 100 |
| Silurus glanis | Wels catfish | Freshwater | 4 | 5 | 5 | 100 |
| Eriocheir sinensis | Chinese mitten crab | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Elaeagnus pungens | Thorny olive | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (previously Gracilaria vermiculophylla) | Alga | Marine | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Persicaria nepalensis | Nepal persicaria | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Sarracenia purpurea | Purple pitcher plant | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Nyctereutes procyonoides | Raccoon dog | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Thaumetopoea processionea | Oak processionary | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Homarus americanus | American lobster | Marine | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Ips sexdentatus | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 | |
| Ludwigia grandiflora | Water primrose | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Acer negundo | Box-elder | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 100 |
| Anoplophora glabripennis | Asian longhorn beetle | Terrestrial invertebrates | 4 | 4 | 5 | 80 |
| Grateloupia turuturu | Alga | Marine | 5 | 4 | 4 | 80 |
| Amelanchier spicata | Low juneberry | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Cotoneaster ellipticus | Lindley's cotoneaster | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 4 | 80 |
| Cyperus eragrostis | Pale galingale | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 4 | 80 |
| Dikerogammerus villosus | Killer shrimp | Freshwater | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Ips typographus | Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle | Terrestrial invertebrates | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Heracleum persicum | Persian hogweed | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi | Sosnowskyi's hogweed | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Houttuynia cordata | Fish-plant | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 4 | 80 |
| Lactuca tatarica | Blue lettuce | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Myriophyllum heterophyllum | Two leaf Watermilfoil/Broadleaf watermilfoil | Freshwater | 4 | 5 | 4 | 80 |
| Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 5 | 75 |
| Watersipora arcuata | Bryozoan | Marine | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Cotoneaster moupinensis | Moupin cotoneaster | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Selenochlamys ysbryda | Ghost slug | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Scolytus laevis | Terrestrial invertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 | |
| Rangifer tarandus | Reindeer | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Psittacula krameri | Ring-necked parakeet | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Mnemiopsis leidyi | Cnidaria: Comb jelly | Marine | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Egeria densa | Large-flowered waterweed | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Crangonyx floridanus | Florida Crangonyx | Freshwater | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Bubo bubo | Eurasian eagle owl | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Arcuatula senhousia | Mollusc: Asian date mussel | Marine | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Alopochen aegyptiacus | Egyptian goose | Terrestrial vertebrates | 5 | 5 | 3 | 75 |
| Lupinus perennis | Wild lupin | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Cotoneaster vilmorinianus | Vimorin's cotoneaster | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Anoplophora chinensis | Citrus longhorn beetle | Terrestrial invertebrates | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Ameiurus melas | Black bullhead | Freshwater | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Ludwigia peploides | Floating primrose willow | Freshwater | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Glyceria striata | Fowl manna grass | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Pimephales promelas | Fathead minnow | Freshwater | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Micropterus salmoides | Largemouth bass | Freshwater | 4 | 4 | 4 | 64 |
| Pseudorasbora parva | Topmouth gudgeon | Freshwater | 4 | 3 | 5 | 60 |
| Triturus carnifex | Italian crested newt | Terrestrial vertebrates | 3 | 4 | 5 | 60 |
| Neogobius gymnotrachelus | Racer goby | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Neogobius fluviatilis | Monkey goby | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia | Oleaster | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Drosanthemum floribundum | Pale dewplant | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Neogobius melanostomus | Round goby | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 | |
| Proterorhinus marmoratus | Tubenose goby | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Proterorhinus semilunaris | Western goby | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Rangia cuneata | Gulf wedge clam | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Spartina pectinata | Prairie cord-grass | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Xanthium spinosum | Bathurst burr | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Disphyma crassifolium | Purple dewplant | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Chelicorophium curvispinum | Amphipod | Freshwater | 3 | 5 | 4 | 60 |
| Akebia quinata | Five-leaf akebia | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Dittrichia graveolens | Stinkwort | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 3 | 4 | 60 |
| Scolytus pygmaeus | Pygmy elm bark beetle | Terrestrial invertebrates | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Pinus pinaster | Maritime pine | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Prunus virginiana | Bitter-berry | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Ruditapes philippinarum | Mollusc | Marine | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Smittoidea prolifica | Bryozoan | Marine | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Solidago graminifolia | Grass-leaved goldenrod | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 | |
| Watersipora subatra | Bryozoan | Marine | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Hemigrapsus sanguineus | Arthropoda: Decapod crab | Marine | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Hemigrapsus takanoi | Arthropoda: Decapod crab | Marine | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Acacia melanoxylon | Australian blackwood | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Amaranthus palmeri | Dioecious amaranth | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Ambrosia trifida | Giant ragweed | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Amelanchier laevis | Juneberry | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Asarum europaeum | Foalfoot | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Cabomba caroliniana | Carolina water-shield | Freshwater | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Cotoneaster lucidus | Shiny cotoneaster | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 4 | 3 | 60 |
| Dikerogammarus haemobaphes | Demon shrimp | Freshwater | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Geranium sibiricum | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 | |
| Lysimachia terrestris | Lake loostrife | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Phalaris paradoxa | Awned canary-grass | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 5 | 3 | 60 |
| Vincetoxicum rossicum | Dog strangling vine | Terrestrial plants | 2 | 5 | 5 | 50 |
| Vincetoxicum nigrum | Black swallow-wort | Terrestrial plants | 2 | 5 | 5 | 50 |
| Salvelinus malma | Dolly Varden trout | Freshwater | 2 | 5 | 5 | 50 |
| Setaria faberi | Giant foxtail | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Sorbaria sorbifolia | False spirea | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Sorbus mougeotii | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 | |
| Caulacanthus okamurae | Alga | Marine | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Salvia sclarea | Clary sage | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Cyclamen coum | Eastern sowbread | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Onobrychis viciifolia | Sanfoin | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Muscari botryoides | Grape hyacinth | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Cotula dioica | Buttonweed | Terrestrial plants | 5 | 5 | 2 | 50 |
| Anisantha madritensis | Compact brome | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Erigeron annuus subsp. septentrionalis | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 | |
| Trapa natans | Water chestnut | Freshwater | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus | African sacred ibis | Terrestrial vertebrates | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Symphyotrichum parviflorum | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 | |
| Spartina patens | Saltmeadow cordgrass | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Sinanodonta woodiana (Anodonta woodiana) | Chinese giant mussel | Freshwater | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Sarracenia flava | Yellow pitcher plant | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Pinus radiata | Monterey pine | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Pelophylax ridibundus | Marsh frog | Terrestrial vertebrates | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Orconectes virilis | Virile crayfish | Freshwater | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Orconectes limosus | Spiny-cheek crayfish | Freshwater | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Mulinia lateralis | Mollusc: Dwarf surf clam | Marine | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Muehlenbeckia complexa | Wireplant | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Lithobates catesbeianus | American bullfrog | Terrestrial vertebrates | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Bufotes viridis | European green toad | Terrestrial vertebrates | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Carassius gibelio | Freshwater | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 | |
| Allium neapolitanum | Neapolitan garlic | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Artemisia austriaca | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 | |
| Bidens frondosa | Beggarticks | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Celastrus orbiculatus | Staff-vine | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Cyperus rotundus | Purple nutsedge | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 |
| Dendrolimus sibiricus | Terrestrial invertebrates | 3 | 4 | 4 | 48 | |
| Erodium manescavi | Garden stork's-bill | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Galium spurium | False cleavers | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Hemimysis anomala | Bloody-red/carrion shrimp | Freshwater | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Humulus scandens | Japanese hop | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Impatiens capensis | Orange balsam | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Limonium hyblaeum | Sicilian sea lavender | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 3 | 4 | 48 |
| Perophora japonica | Ascidian | Marine | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Leptospermum scoparium | Broom tea-tree | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Hydropotes inermis | Chinese water deer | Terrestrial vertebrates | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Genista monspessulana | Montpellier broom | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Elodea callitrichoides | South American waterweed | Freshwater | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Dyspanopeus sayi | Arthropoda: decapod say mud | Marine | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Zanardinia typus | Alga - penny weed | Marine | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides | Porifera: sponge | Marine | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Acroptilon repens | Russian knapweed | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Theora lubrica | Mollusc | Marine | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Tulipa saxatilis | Lilac wonder | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Pulmonaria mollis | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 | |
| Polydrusus impar | Terrestrial invertebrates | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 | |
| Centaurea diffusa | Small-flowered star-thistle | Terrestrial plants | 4 | 4 | 3 | 48 |
| Potamocorbula amurensis | Mollusc | Marine | 3 | 3 | 5 | 45 |
| Corbicula fluminalis | Asian clam | Freshwater | 2 | 4 | 5 | 40 |
| Gambusia holbrooki | Eastern mosquitofish | Freshwater | 2 | 4 | 5 | 40 |
| Tamarix ramosissima | Saltceder | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
| Calystegia sepium subsp. spectabilis | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 | |
| Lindernia dubia | False pimpernel | Terrestrial plants | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
| Mephitis mephitis | Striped skunk | Terrestrial vertebrates | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
| Procambarus fallax | Deceitful crayfish | Freshwater | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum | Freshwater | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 | |
| Myriophyllum propinquum | Freshwater | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 | |
| Procambarus clarkii | Red swamp crayfish | Freshwater | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
| Myriophyllum hippuroides | Freshwater | 3 | 3 | 4 | 36 |
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