Women's Justice Leadership Panel: report
This report "The Case for Gendered and Intersectional Approaches to Justice" summarises the work of the Women’s Justice Leadership Panel, their thematic discussions, and their key findings. The remit of the Panel was to demonstrate that the experience of women in the justice system is different to men, and to promote consistent understanding of gendered issues.
8. Footnotes
1. Women in the justice system: evidence review - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
2. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
3. Women in the justice system: evidence review - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
4. A Practitioner's Toolkit on Women's Access to Justice Programming (2018), WA2J-Introduction-en.pdf (unwomen.org)
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. A Fairer, Greener Scotland: Programme for Government 2021-22, A Fairer, Greener Scotland: Programme for Government 2021-22 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
8. Call for Evidence – Families Outside Response
9. Ibid.
10. 17th Prisoner Survey 2019, Scottish Prison Service Survey (2019), accessed June 2023, 17th Prisoner Survey 2019 (sps.gov.uk)
11. Beresford, S (2018) What about me? The impact on children when mothers are involved in the criminal justice system. Accessed June 2023, Layout 1 (prisonreformtrust.org.uk)
12. Nugent, B (2022) Paying the Price: The Cost to Families of Imprisonment and Release, accessed June 2023, The Role of Schools in Supporting Families Affected by Imprisonment (familiesoutside.org.uk).
13. Scottish Prison Service. (2018) SPS Throughcare Strategy. Available at: https://www.sps.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.aspx?fileName=SPS+Throughcare+Strategy+January(27+02+18)+web+version5538_2586.docx
14. Scottish Government Call for Evidence: Women in the Justice System – a strategic approach (2021). Dr Fiona Morrison, Dr Ruth Friskney and Professor Margaret Malloch, University of Stirling.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Routledge International Handbook of Domestic Violence and Abuse (2021)
20. Women in the justice system: evidence review, accessed Women in the justice system: evidence review - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
21. Law Society of Scotland, profile of the profession, accessed https://www.lawscot.org.uk/research-and-policy/equality-and-diversity/research/lawscotpop/
22. Ibid.
23.
24. Lady Hale (2014), Speech for Fiona Woolf Lecture, accessed June 2023, Fiona Woolf Lecture 2014 (supremecourt.uk).
25. Commission on Women Offenders (2012) Commission on Women Offenders: Final Report
26. New Economics Foundation (2012) Women's Community Services: A Wise Commission [online] Available: https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/1136a324a128c3fce6_idm6y15h9.pdf
27. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
28. Ibid.
29. The Centre for Women's Justice (CWJ) – Double standard: Ending the unjust criminalisation of victims of violence against women and girls, accessed November 2022, Double Standard — Centre for Women's Justice (centreforwomensjustice.org.uk)
30. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women Who Kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying [online] Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/602a9a87e96acc025de5de67/1613404821139/CWJ_WomenWhoKill_Rpt_WEB-3+small.pdf
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ministry of Justice (2018) Female Offender Strategy. This is likely to be an underestimate because of barriers to disclosing abuse. (Gelsthorpe, L., Sharpe, G., and Roberts, J. (2007) Provision for Women offenders in the community)
39. Gelsthorpe, L., Sharpe, G., and Roberts, J. (2007) Provision for Women offenders in the community: Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women who kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying
40. Wong, K. et al. (2017) T2A Final Process Evaluation Report, Policy Evaluation Research Unit
41. Light, M. et al (2013) Gender differences in substance misuse and mental health amongst prisoners
42. Howard League for Penal Reform (2020) Arresting the entry of women into the criminal justice system: Briefing Two and (2021) Briefing Three
43. Ministry of Justice (2018) Female Offender Strategy
44. Ministry of Justice (2016), Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic disproportionality in the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, pg 12
45. Robson, M. (2022) A suspect population? An examination of bail decision making for foreign national women in criminal courts in England and Wales. See also: Prison Reform Trust (2018) Still no way out: foreign national women and trafficked women in the criminal justice system
46. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Why focus on reducing women's imprisonment in England and Wales?
47. Birth Companions (2016) Birth Charter for women in prisons in England and Walesa
48. The Centre for Women's Justice (CWJ) – Double standard: Ending the unjust criminalisation of victims of violence against women and girls, accessed November 2022, Double Standard — Centre for Women's Justice (centreforwomensjustice.org.uk)
49. Ibid.
50. Scottish Government (2022) The experiences of people who sell or exchange sex and their interaction with support services: lived experience engagement [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/lived-experience-engagement-experiences-people-sell-exchange-sex-interaction-support-services/pages/7/
51. Ibid.
52. Howard League for Penal Reform (2021) Arresting the entry of women into the criminal justice system: briefing three [online] Available: https://howardleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/APPG-on-Women-in-the-Penal-System-briefing-3-FINAL.pdf
53. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
54. The Centre for Women's Justice (CWJ) – Double standard: Ending the unjust criminalisation of victims of violence against women and girls, accessed November 2022, Double Standard — Centre for Women's Justice (centreforwomensjustice.org.uk)
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
62. Ibid.
63. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile Winter 2021 [online] Available: https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Bromley_Briefings_winter_2021.pdf
64. McMillan, T. M. et al (2021). Associations between significant head injury and persisting disability and violent crime in women in prison in Scotland, UK: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 512-520.
65. Buchan, L. D. and McMillan, T. M. (2022) Prisoner knowledge about head injury is Improved by brief psychoeducation, Brain Injury, 36(3) pp.401-405
66. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Invisible Women: Understanding women's experiences of long-term imprisonment [online] Available: Invisible_women_hope_-health_relationships.pdf (prisonreformtrust.org.uk)
67. Ibid.
68. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
69. McPherson, R. (2019) Battered Woman Syndrome, diminished responsibility and women who kill: insights from Scottish case law. Journal of Criminal Law, 83(5), pp. 381-393. Accessed, 180117.pdf (gla.ac.uk)
71. Under the Equality Act 2010, the nine protected characteristics are: age; disability; sex; gender reassignment; pregnancy and maternity; race; religion or belief; and sexual orientation
72. Measurement framework for equality and human rights | Equality and Human Rights Commission p52
73. Potter, H (2013). Intersectional Criminology: Interrogating Identity and Power in Criminological Research and Theory
74. Ashlee Christoffersen (2022) Is intersectional racial justice organizing possible? Confronting generic intersectionality, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45:3, 407 430, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2021.1928254
75. Impact of COVID-19 on different ethnic minority groups - POST (parliament.uk)
76. COVID-19 and ethnicity: expert reference group - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
77. Gill, A. and Virdee, G. (2021) 'Intersectional interventions to prevent violence against women in Black and minority ethnic communities'. In Domestic Abuse across the life course, L Radford and RK Thiara (eds). Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London.
78. Burman, E. and Chantler, K. (2005) 'Domestic violence and minoritisation: Legal and policy barriers facing minoritized women leaving violent relationships’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 28(1): 59–74
79. BMA. (2014) Domestic Abuse. BMA Professional Policy Division and the Board of Science. Available from: https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-andresearch/equality/healthcare-for-vulnerable-group/domestic-abuse-report.
80. Mirza, N. (2015) Family Abuse in Scotland - Contesting Universalisations and Reconceptualising Agency, PhD Thesis: University of Edinburgh. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/15938
81. Mirza, N. (2015) South Asian women's experience of family abuse: exploring the police response, Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR): Research Summary No: 21 February 2015
82. Mirza, N. (2015) South Asian women's experience of family abuse: exploring the police response, Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR): Research Summary No: 21 February 2015
83. McLaughlin E, Wheate R and McGowan M, (2018) 'A confident approach in responding to the needs of domestically abused South Asian Women – laying the foundation for Police Scotland 2026 Strategy'. .
84. Mirza, N. (2015) Family Abuse in Scotland - Contesting Universalisations and Reconceptualising Agency, PhD Thesis: University of Edinburgh. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/15938
85. Sadaf, L. (2012) Marital violence against Pakistani women in Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4965/
86. Conway E. (2013) Family secrets and social silence : women with insecure immigration status and domestic abuse policy in Scotland Family secrets and social silence: women with insecure immigration status and domestic abuse policy in Scotland - Enlighten Theses (gla.ac.uk)
87. Anitha, S (2011) 'Legislating Gender Inequalities: The Nature and Patterns of Domestic Violence Experienced by South Asian Women with Insecure Immigration Status in the United Kingdom', Violence Against Women 17 (10): 1260–1285.
88. Hague, G., Gangoli, G., Joseph, H. and Alphonse, M. (2006) Domestic Violence, Marriage and Immigration. The Violence Against Women Research Group, University of Bristol.
89. Long, L. J. (2021). The ideal victim: A critical race theory (CRT) approach. International Review of Victimology, 27(3), 344–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758021993339
90. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
91. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
92. Brooks-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim‐survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice-Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
93. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
94. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
95. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
96. Morrison, F., Friskney, R. and Malloch, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Brookes-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim‐survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice-Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
100. Friskney, R. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
101. Morrison, F., Friskney, R. and Malloch, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
102. Ibid.
103. Prison Reform Trust (2017) Counted Out: Black, Asian and minority ethnic women in the criminal justice system [online] Available: https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/publication/counted-out-black-asian-and-minority-ethnic-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system/
104. Ibid.
105. Scottish Government (2022) Misogyny – A Human Rights Issue [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/misogyny-human-rights-issue/
106. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
107. Carrington, K. et al. (2020) How Women’s Police Stations Empower Women, Widen Access to Justice and Prevent Gender Violence, International Journal or Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 9(1), pp.42-67
108. McPherson, R. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
109. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
110. Morrison, F., Friskney, R. and Malloch, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
111. Ibid.
112. Whitecross, R. W. (2017). Section 11 Orders and the "Abuse" Provisions: Family Lawyers' Experience and Understanding of Section 11(7A)-(7E). Edinburgh Law Review, 21, pp.269-275.
113. Ibid.
114. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
115. Scottish Government (2022) Women in the justice system: evidence review [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/women-justice-system/pages/6/
116. Ibid.
117. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
118. Brooks-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim‐survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice-Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
119. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
120. Ibid.
121. Munro, V. E. (2019) Judging Juries: The Common Sense Conundrums of Prosecuting Violence against Women. New Zealand Women's Law Journal, 3, pp.13-34.
122. Ibid.
123. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
124. Chalmers, J., Leverick, F. and Munro. V. E. (2021) The provenance of what is proven: exploring (mock) jury deliberation in Scottish rape trials. Journal of Law and Society, 48(2) pp.226-249
125. Ibid.
126. Munro, V. E. (2019) Judging Juries: The Common Sense Conundrums of Prosecuting Violence against Women. New Zealand Women's Law Journal, 3, pp.13-34.
127. For more information on this campaign, see https://www.rapecrisisscotland.org.uk/news/news/i-just-froze1/
128. Chalmers, J., Leverick, F. and Munro. V. E. (2021) The provenance of what is proven: exploring (mock) jury deliberation in Scottish rape trials. Journal of Law and Society, 48(2) pp.226-249
129. Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service (2021) Improving the Management of Sexual Offence Cases: Final Report from the Lord Justice Clerk's Review Group [online] Available: https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/default-source/default-document-library/reports-and-data/Improving-the-management-of-Sexual-Offence-Cases.pdf?sfvrsn=6
130. Ibid.
131. Crowley, A. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
132. Scottish Government (2022) Children's Social Work Statistics, Scotland 2020-21. [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/childrens-social-work-statistics-scotland-2020-21/pages/6/
133. Crowley, A. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
134. Trotter, C., McIvor, G. and McNeill, F. (2016) Changing risks, risking change. In: Trotter, C., McIvor, G. and McNeill, F. (eds.) Beyond the Risk Paradigm in Criminal Justice. London: Palgrave.
135. Crowley, A. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
136. Ibid.
137. McPherson, R. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
138. Prison Reform Trust (2017) Counted Out: Black, Asian and minority ethnic women in the criminal justice system [online] Available: https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/publication/counted-out-black-asian-and-minority-ethnic-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system/
139. Ibid.
140. McPherson, R. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
141. OHCHR (1993) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-elimination-violence-against-women
142. Brooks-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim ‐ survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice-Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
143. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
144. Brookes-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim‐survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice- Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
145. Ibid.
146. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
147. Forbes, E. (2021) Beyond Glass Walls: How Domestic Abuse Victims Experience the Criminal Justice Process in Scotland. A Scottish Justice Fellowship Briefing Paper. Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research [online] Available: https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Dr-Emma-E.-Forbes.pdf,
148. Ibid.
149. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
150. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
151. Ibid.
152. Brooks-Hay, O., Burman, M., and Bradley, L. (2019) Justice Journeys: Informing policy and practice through lived experience of victim ‐ survivors of rape and serious sexual assault. Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research. https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Justice-Journeys-Report_Aug-2019_FINAL.pdf
153. Centre for Women's Justice (2022) Call for Evidence response.
154. Ibid.
155. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
156. Ibid.
157. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
158. Ibid.
159. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
160. Scottish Government (2021) The not proven verdict and related reforms: consultation [online] https://www.gov.scot/publications/not-proven-verdict-related-reforms-consultation/pages/6/
161. Munro, V. E. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
162. Scottish Government (2022) The not proven verdict and related reforms: consultation analysis [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/not-proven-verdict-related-reforms-consultation-analysis/
163. Whitecross, R. W. (2017). Section 11 Orders and the "Abuse" Provisions: Family Lawyers' Experience and Understanding of Section 11(7A)-(7E). Edinburgh Law Review, 21, pp.269-275.
164. Ibid.
165. Munro, V. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
166. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
167. New Economics Foundation (2012) Women’s Community Services: A Wise Commission [online] Available: https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/1136a324a128c3fce6_idm6y15h9.pdf
168. Munro, V. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
169. Commission on Women Offenders (2012) Commission on Women Offenders: Final Report [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00391828.pdf
170. New Economics Foundation (2012) Women's Community Services: A Wise Commission [online] Available: https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/1136a324a128c3fce6_idm6y15h9.pdf
171. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
172. Ibid.
173. Munro, V. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
174. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) CWJ Manifesto: 3 - End The Unjust Criminalisation Of Victims Of Abuse. Blog post (22 Nov 2022) Available: https://www.centreforwomensjustice.org.uk/new-blog-1/2021/11/22/cwj-manifesto-3-end-the-unjust-criminalisation-of-victims-of-abuse
175. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
176. Ibid.
177. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women Who Kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying [online] Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/602a9a87e96acc025de5de67/1613404821139/CWJ_WomenWhoKill_Rpt_WEB-3+small.pdf
178. Scottish Government (2022) The experiences of people who sell or exchange sex and their interaction with support services: lived experience engagement [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/lived-experience-engagement-experiences-people-sell-exchange-sex-interaction-support-services/pages/7/
179. Ibid.
180. Centre for Women's Justice (2022) Call for Evidence response
181. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women Who Kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying [online] Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/602a9a87e96acc025de5de67/1613404821139/CWJ_WomenWhoKill_Rpt_WEB-3+small.pdf
182. Centre for Women's Justice (2022) Call for Evidence response.
183. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) CWJ Manifesto: 7 - End Victim Blaming. Blog post (22 Nov 2022) Available: https://www.centreforwomensjustice.org.uk/cwj-manifesto#/7-end-victim-blaming
184. Munro, V. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
185. McPherson, R. (2022) Call for Evidence response
186. Ibid.
187. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women Who Kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying [online] Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/602a9a87e96acc025de5de67/1613404821139/CWJ_WomenWhoKill_Rpt_WEB-3+small.pdf
188. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Invisible Women: Understanding women's experiences of long-term imprisonment [online] Available: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/invisible_women.pdf
189. Ibid.
190. Howard League for Penal Reform (2021) Arresting the entry of women into the criminal justice system: briefing three [online] Available: https://howardleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/APPG-on-Women-in-the-Penal-System-briefing-3-FINAL.pdf
191. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
192. CWJ (2022) Call for Evidence response
193. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
194. Ibid.
195. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile Winter 2021 [online] Available: https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Bromley_Briefings_winter_2021.pdf
196. McMillan, T. M. et al (2021). Associations between significant head injury and persisting disability and violent crime in women in prison in Scotland, UK: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 512-520.
197. Buchan, L. D. and McMillan, T. M. (2022) Prisoner knowledge about head injury is Improved by brief psychoeducation, Brain Injury, 36(3) pp.401-405
198. McMillan, T. M. et al (2021). Associations between significant head injury and persisting disability and violent crime in women in prison in Scotland, UK: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 512-520.
199. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Invisible Women: Understanding women's experiences of long-term imprisonment [online] Available: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/invisible_women.pdf
200. Ibid.
201. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
202. Cowan, S. (2022) Call for Evidence response
203. Scottish Government (2022) Children's Social Work Statistics, Scotland 2020-21. [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/publications/childrens-social-work-statistics-scotland-2020-21/pages/6/
204. Crowley, A. R. (2022) Call for Evidence response
205. Ibid.
206. Crowley, A. R., Schliehe, A. K. and Vogel, M. (2021) Girlhood incarcerated: perspectives from secure care. In: M. Vogel and L. Arnell (eds.) Living Like a Girl: Agency, Social Vulnerability Welfare Measures in Europe and Beyond. Oxford: Berghahn.
207. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response
208. SPICe (2018) A new approach to women offenders in Scotland [online] Available: https://spice-spotlight.scot/2018/07/11/a-new-approach-to-women-offenders-in-scotland/
209. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Invisible Women: Understanding women's experiences of long-term imprisonment [online] Available: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/invisible_women.pdf
210. Ibid.
211. Commission on Women Offenders (2012) Commission on Women Offenders: Final Report [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00391828.pdf
212. Ibid.
213. Crowley, A. R. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
214. Ibid.
215. Crowley, A. R., Schliehe, A. K. and Vogel, M. (2021) Girlhood incarcerated: perspectives from secure care. In: Vogel, M. and Arnell, L. (eds.) Living Like a Girl: Agency, Social Vulnerability Welfare Measures in Europe and Beyond. Oxford: Berghahn.
216. New Economics Foundation (2012) Women's Community Services: A Wise Commission [online] Available: https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/1136a324a128c3fce6_idm6y15h9.pdf
217. Burman, M. and Imlah, N. (2012) Time for Change: An Evaluation of an Intensive Support Service for Young Women at High Risk of Secure Care or Custody. SCCJR [online] Available at: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Time_for_Change_SCCJR_-Briefing_June2012.pdf
218. Commission on Women Offenders, 2012
219. Ibid.
220. Centre for Women's Justice (2021) Women Who Kill: how the state criminalises women we might otherwise be burying [online] Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/602a9a87e96acc025de5de67/1613404821139/CWJ_WomenWhoKill_Rpt_WEB-3+small.pdf
221. Trotter, C., McIvor, G. and McNeill, F. (2016) Changing risks, risking change. In: Trotter, C., McIvor, G. and McNeill, F. (eds.) Beyond the Risk Paradigm in Criminal Justice. London: Palgrave.
222. CWJ (2022) Call for Evidence response.
223. Courts of Nova Scotia (2022) Dartmouth Wellness Courts [online] Available: https://www.courts.ns.ca/Courts/Provincial-Court/Wellness-Court-Programs/Dartmouth-Wellness-Court
224. Ibid.
225. Dieleman, C. et al (2019) Nova Scotia's Wellness Courts: progressing justice [online] Available: https://www.courts.ns.ca/sites/default/files/courts/Provincial%20Court/Wellness%20Courts/Wellness_Courts_Report_Nov_5_2019.pdf
226. Prison Reform Trust (2021) Invisible Women: Understanding women's experiences of long-term imprisonment [online] Available: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/invisible_women.pdf
227. Ibid.
228. Burman, M. (2022) Call for Evidence response.
229. Ibid.
230. Ibid.
231. Commission on Women Offenders (2012) Commission on Women Offenders: Final Report [online] Available: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00391828.pdf
232. Minson, S. (2018) Direct harms and social consequences: An analysis of the impact of maternal imprisonment on dependent children in England and Wales. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 19(5) pp.519-536.
233. Ibid.
235. Under the Equality Act 2010, the nine protected characteristics are: age; disability; sex; gender reassignment; pregnancy and maternity; race; religion or belief; and sexual orientation
236. Measurement framework for equality and human rights | Equality and Human Rights Commission p52
237. Impact of COVID-19 on different ethnic minority groups - POST (parliament.uk)
238. COVID-19 and ethnicity: expert reference group - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)
239. The SCJS asks about sensitive topics including partner abuse and sexual assault as part of a self-completion module of the SCJS, and data is published based on 2 year's worth of pooled data, most recent 2018-2020. Respondents are asked about experiences within the 12 months prior to interview and since the age of 16. Both psychological and physical partner abuse are asked about. Serious sexual assault and less serious sexual assault are asked about.
240. SCJS "more serious sexual assault "includes the following: forced sexual intercourse; attempted forced sexual intercourse; other forced sexual activity; attempted other forced sexual activity
241. SCJS "less serious sexual assault" includes: indecent exposure; sexual threats, unwanted sexual touching
242. Gill, A. and Virdee, G. (2021) 'Intersectional interventions to prevent violence against women in Black and minority ethnic communities'. In Domestic Abuse across the life course, L Radford and RK Thiara (eds). Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London.
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245. Mirza, N. (2015) Family Abuse in Scotland - Contesting Universalisations and Reconceptualising Agency, PhD Thesis: University of Edinburgh. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/15938
246. Mirza, N. (2015) South Asian women's experience of family abuse: exploring the police response, Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR): Research Summary No: 21 February 2015 http://sipr.ac.uk/Plugin/Publications/assets/files/Research_Summary_21.pdf
247. Mirza, N. (2015) South Asian women's experience of family abuse: exploring the police response, Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR): Research Summary No: 21 February 2015 http://sipr.ac.uk/Plugin/Publications/assets/files/Research_Summary_21.pdf
248. McLaughlin E, Wheate R and McGowan M, (2018) 'A confident approach in responding to the needs of domestically abused South Asian Women – laying the foundation for Police Scotland 2026 Strategy'. http://sipr.ac.uk/Plugin/Publications/assets/files/South_Asian_Women_Domestic_Abuse_Police_Scotland.pdf
249. Mirza, N. (2015) Family Abuse in Scotland - Contesting Universalisations and Reconceptualising Agency, PhD Thesis: University of Edinburgh. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/15938
250. Sadaf, L. (2012) Marital violence against Pakistani women in Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4965/
251. Conway E. (2013) Family secrets and social silence : women with insecure immigration status and domestic abuse policy in Scotland Family secrets and social silence: women with insecure immigration status and domestic abuse policy in Scotland - Enlighten Theses (gla.ac.uk)
252. Anitha, S (2011) 'Legislating Gender Inequalities: The Nature and Patterns of Domestic Violence Experienced by South Asian Women with Insecure Immigration Status in the United Kingdom', Violence Against Women 17 (10): 1260–1285.
253. Hague, G., Gangoli, G., Joseph, H. and Alphonse, M. (2006) Domestic Violence, Marriage and Immigration. The Violence Against Women Research Group, University of Bristol.
254. Wiseman, P. and Ferrie, J. (2018) Our Bodies, Our Rights: Research Report, Scottish Learning Disabilities Observatory, University of Glasgow and Engender, https://www.engender.org.uk/files/our-bodies-our-rights-additional-research-report.pdf summarised in Batchelor, S. Armstrong, S and MacLellan, D. 2019
255. Batchelor, S. Armstrong, S and MacLellan, D. (2019) Taking Stock of Violence in Scotland - Chapter 7 Gender based violence https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Taking-Stock-of-Violence-in-Scotland_2019.pdf
256. A Study into the Characteristics of Police Recorded Hate Crime in Scotland" Scottish Government February 2021
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