Litter and flytipping: scale and cost

Footnotes

1 Scottish Government (2018) Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (Scotland) 2018, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/advice-and-guidance/2018/05/code-practice-litter-refuse-scotland-2018/documents/00535494-pdf/00535494-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00535494.pdf

2 Defined by Audit Scotland and obtained from: SEPA and Natural Scotland (2012) Waste Data Digest 12: Key Facts and Trends

3 National Records of Scotland (2020) Mid-2019 Population Estimates Scotland, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/mid-year-population-estimates/mid-2019

4 Full data – Authority provided at least 1 data point for each of the cost categories requested.

5 Partial data – Authority provided at least 1 data point for some of the cost categories requested.

6 None/minimal data – Local authority provided data for none of the cost categories requested (e.g., Authorities that provided just 1 data point on the number of flytipping incidents or an overall expenditure on waste services without a break down)

7 ONS (2022) CPIH Annual Rate, https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/timeseries/l55o/mm23

8 ONS (2022) Scotland population mid-year estimate, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/scpop/pop

9 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Quantifying Direct Costs of Litter to Scottish Local Authorities and other Duty Bodies

10 ibid

11 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Quantifying Direct Costs of Litter to Scottish Local Authorities and other Duty Bodies

12 Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Moray, North Ayrshire, Perth and Kinross, Stirling, and West Dunbartonshire

13 17 completed surveys by the end of the process (some with minimal to no data), but a much lower number at the point the decision was made to make direct calls

14 GOV.UK (2022) National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates, https://www.gov.uk/national-minimum-wage-rates

15 ONS (2020) Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/

16 The Scotsman (2018) Calls to tackle the soaring number of fast food outlets in Scotland, https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/calls-tackle-soaring-number-fast-food-outlets-scotland-555192

17 National Parks UK (2014) Key Facts and Figures for all 15 UK National Parks. Available at: https://www.nationalparks.uk/app/uploads/2020/10/Key-Facts-and-Figures-for-the-15-UK-National-Parks.pdf

18 Insight Department (2020) Key Facts on Tourism in Scotland - 2019. Available at: https://www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers-2/key-facts-on-tourism-in-scotland-2019.pdf

19 As a second data source to use as a comparison, the British Holiday & Home Parks Association (BH&HPA) own and manage 2,951 parks. This figure can be scaled down by population to find the number of holiday parks in Scotland, equal to 240.

20 MonkeyandMouse (2019) Scottish Country Parks, Days Out With The Kids, https://monkeyandmouse.co.uk/scottish-country-parks-days-out-with-the-kids/

21 Nature Scot (2020) Country Parks,https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/find-country-park;

22 ASVA (2019) 2019 ASVA Annual Visitor Trend Report. Available at: https://asva.co.uk/app/uploads/2021/02/ASVA-Annual-Visitor-Trends-Report-2019.pdf

23 The Scottish Parliament Information Centre (2020) Scotland’s night-time economy and Coronavirus (COVID-19), https://spice-spotlight.scot/2020/06/16/scotlands-night-time-economy-and-coronavirus-COVID-19/

24 As a second data source to use as a comparison, the Visit Scotland 2019 report states that there are 3,419 business units of "beverage-serving activities".

25 The Scottish Parliament Information Centre (2020) Scotland’s night-time economy and Coronavirus (COVID-19), https://spice-spotlight.scot/2020/06/16/scotlands-night-time-economy-and-coronavirus-COVID-19/

26 Aldi, Asda, B&M express, Booths, Budgens, Co-op Food, Farmfoods, Fulton's Foods, Heron Foods, Iceland, Lidl, Marks & Spencer, Morrisons, Ocado, Sainsbury's, Tesco, and Waitrose & Partners

27 Wrap (2021) Financial cost of packaging-related litter in the UK

28 Data Beats (2018) Are all UK shopping centres the same?, https://databeats.medium.com/are-all-uk-shopping-centres-the-same-a18726e50d1c

29 CompletelyRetail (unknown) Shopping Centres, https://completelyretail.co.uk/shopping-centres

30 RetailGazette (2022) Footfall now less than 10% of pre-Covid levels, https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2022/05/footfall-now-less-than-10-off-pre-covid-levels/

31 Marine Scotland (2016) Maritime Transport - Ports and Harbours – Statutory harbour limits, https://marine.gov.scot/information/maritime-transport-ports-and-harbours-statutory-harbour-limits

32 Edinburgh Airport (2019) A record year, https://corporate.edinburghairport.com/media-centre/news-releases/a-record-year

33 Highlands and Islands Airport Limited (2021) HIAL publishes 2020/2021 annual report for pandemic-hit period, https://www.hial.co.uk/news/article/60/hial-publishes-20202021-annual-report-for-pandemic-hit-period#:~:text=Final%20figures%20for%202020%2F21,felt%20across%20all%2011%20airports.

34 Websites of Aberdeen Airport, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow Airport and Glasgow Prestwick Airport

35 Zero Waste Scotland (2012) Scotland takes action to rid roads and rail stations of litter, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/scotland-takes-action-rid-roads-and-rail-stations-litter

36 Network Rail (2020) Fly-tipping risk for Scotland’s Railway, https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/fly-tipping-risk-for-scotlands-railway

37 Scottish Government (2019) Summary statistics for schools in Scotland no. 10: 2019 edition, https://www.gov.scot/publications/summary-statistics-schools-scotland-no-10-2019-edition/

38 ibid

39 Scottish Funding Council (2020) Higher Education Students and Qualifiers at Scottish Institutions 2019-20, http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/statisticalpublications_sfcst032021/HE_Students_and_Qualifiers_2019-20.pdf

40 Cinema Treasure (2022) Movie Theatres in Scotland, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/united-kingdom/scotland

41 Theatres Trust (unknown) How many theatres are there in the UK? http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/discover-theatres/theatre-faqs/167-how-many-theatres-are-there-in-the-uk

42 Born Free (2022) Zoos and Aquaria: UK, https://www.bornfree.org.uk/uk-zoos

43 Insight Department (2020) Key Facts on Tourism in Scotland - 2019, https://www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers-2/key-facts-on-tourism-in-scotland-2019.pdf

44 onlinegambling.ca (2022) Football stadium’s wastage, https://www.onlinegambling.ca/content-hub/football-stadiums-highest-wastage.php

45 Football Stadiums (unknown) Scottish Premiership Stadiums & Stats, https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/leagues/scottish-premiership/

46 Insight Department (2020) Key Facts on Tourism in Scotland - 2019, https://www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers-2/key-facts-on-tourism-in-scotland-2019.pdf

47 RAC Foundation (2012) Keeping the Nation Moving, https://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/facts_on_parking.pdf

48 Insight Department (2020) Key Facts on Tourism in Scotland - 2019, https://www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers-2/key-facts-on-tourism-in-scotland-2019.pdf

49 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

50 ibid

51 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

52 Scottish Police Authority (2020) Annual Report and Accounts 2019/20, https://www.spa.police.uk/spa-media/nolejnqk/34250-spa-annualreport-2020_final-4.pdf

53 Anthony Braga et al (2008) Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A randomized Controlled Trial

54 Cooper, R. B. C. C. R. (2008) Mental Capital and Well-being: Making the Most of Ourselves in the 21st Century

55 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

56 Information Services Division (2019) Medicines used in Mental Health, https://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Prescribing-and-Medicines/Publications/2019-10-22/2019-10-22-PrescribingMentalHealth-Report.pdf

57 SAMH (2011) The social and economic costs of mental health problems in Scotland, https://www.samh.org.uk/documents/Whati%CC%81s_it_worth_now.pdf

58 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

59 Information Services Division (2019) Scottish Health Service Costs, https://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Finance/Publications/2019-11-19/2019-11-19-Costs-Report.pdf?

60 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

61 DEFRA (2005) Tackling drug related litter: Guidance and good practice, October 2005

62http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2011/coi-em-11.htm; http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2010/coi-se-0510.htm

63 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

64 GOV UK (2021) Reported Road accidents, vehicles and casualties tables for Great Britain, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/reported-road-accidents-vehicles-and-casualties-tables-for-great-britain#reported-road-accidents-ras10

65 RAS50011: Accidents and vehicles included in the contributory factor analysis within source above

66 Gerry Forbes (2004) The safety impact of vehicle related road debris

67 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

68 heycar (2022) How much does it cost to get a tyre repaired?, https://heycar.co.uk/guides/how-much-does-it-cost-to-get-a-tyre-repaired

69 Cycling Scotland (2019) Annual Cycling Monitoring Report, https://www.cycling.scot/mediaLibrary/other/english/6353.pdf

70 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

71 SQUIRE (2018) New UK National Living and Minimum Wage Rates From 1 April 2019, https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/en/insights/publications/2018/10/new-uk-national-living-and-minimum-wage-rates-from-1-april-2019#:~:text=The%20rate%20of%20the%20compulsory,%C2%A35.90%20to%20%C2%A36.15

72 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

73 Attersby, S. (2004) Public health policy – can there be an economic imperative? An examination of one such issue

74 Network Rail (2021) Network Rail expenditure in 2019/20, https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Annual-expenditure-2019-20.pdf

75 pest.co.uk (2021) Council cuts could send rat populations spiralling out of control in 2021, https://www.pest.co.uk/council-cuts-could-send-rat-populations-spiralling-out-of-control-in-2021/

76 Battersby, S. (2004) Public health policy – Can there be an economic imperative? An examination of one such issue

77 Scottish Household Survey (2019) Scotland’s People Annual Report 2019

78 British Pest Control Association (2012) National Survey 2012

79 HouseholdQuotes (2022) Pest Control and Extermination Costs: How to Save in 2022, https://householdquotes.co.uk/how-much-is-pest-control/

80 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

81 BBC (1999) UK Pigeons: Not a problem to poo-poo, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/257284.stm

82 Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (2020) Fire And Rescue Incident Statistics 2019-20, https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/media/1144151/fs_officialstatistics_2019_20.pdf

83 Daley, J. (2017) Study Shows 84% of Wildfires Caused by Humans, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-shows-84-wildfires-caused-humans-180962315/

84 Jonathan Aylan (2009) Costs of Supressing Wildfires

85 Florec V., et al. (2019) Cost of Suppression

86 SSPCA (2012) Annual Review 2011 and Onwards

87 SSPCA (2019) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, https://www.scottishspca.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/SSPCA%202018%20signed%20accounts%20-%20Web%20Version.pdf

88 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

89 Law Society of Scotland (2020) Scottish house prices forge ahead in latest figures, https://www.lawscot.org.uk/news-and-events/legal-news/scottish-house-prices-forge-ahead-in-latest-figures/

90 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering

91 Keep Scotland Beautiful (2021) Scottish Litter Survey 2021, https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/1568594/littering-in-scotland-survey-2021-final-071221.pdf

92 Keep Scotland Beautiful (2021), Local Environment Audit and Management System (LEAMS), https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/

93 Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Exploring the Indirect Costs of Littering and Flytipping

94 Keep Britain Tidy (2020) Litter Composition Analysis - Summary Report, Keep Britain Tidy

95 WRAP (2020) Financial Cost of Packaging Litter – Phase 2 – Final Report

96 Letsrecycle.com (2019) Material Prices, https://www.letsrecycle.com/prices/

97 Scottish Government (2021) £70 million fund to improve recycling, https://www.gov.scot/news/gbp-70-million-fund-to-improve-recycling/

98 The stakeholders who contributed to this section are Keep Scotland Beautiful, Brightons Community Council, Shieldhill and California Community Council, Polmont Community Council, Team Up to Clean Up Renfrewshire, Pitlochry Litter Action Group, Pentland Hill Regional Park, Dumbarton Litter Pickers, Friends of the Leven River Valley, Fife Street Champions and the Skye Community Litter Project.

99 For the purposes of this research, we are using the minimum hourly wage in 2019/20 of £8.91/hour

100 Information provided by Keep Scotland Beautiful during an interview on 17^th March 2022

101 ibid

102 Keep Scotland Beautiful (2022), Clean Up Scotland Map, https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/community-and-place/clean-up-scotland/clean-up-scotland-map/

103 Y. Tesfaldet, et al. (2022) Assessing face mask littering in urban environments and policy implications: The case of Bangkok

104 A. Forrest, et al. (2019) Eliminating plastic pollution: how a voluntary contribution from industry will drive the circular plastics economy

105 BBC (2021) University of Portsmouth study finds 9,000% increase in face mask litter, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59622307

106 BBC (2020) Why litter is surging as lockdowns ease, https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases

107 The Guardian (2022) Fly-tipping in England increases during Covid pandemic, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/08/fly-tipping-in-england-increases-during-covid-pandemic

108 The Herald (2021) Call for action as fly-tipping surges in Scotland, https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19124659.call-action-fly-tipping-surges-scotland/

109 Statista (2022) Home improvements projects – statistics & facts, https://www.statista.com/topics/7899/home-improvement-projects/#dossierKeyfigures

110 Roadrunner (2021) How COVID-19 Has Affected The Waste Industry’s Workforce https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/covid-waste-industry-workforce

111 Streets that are classified Grade A, B or B+ following on from LEAMS surveys are deemed ‘acceptable’ by KSB, according to the definitions found here: https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams/

112 Information provided by Keep Scotland Beautiful during an interview on 17^th March 2022

113 Zero Waste Scotland (2012) Scotland takes action to rid roads and rail stations of litter, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/scotland-takes-action-rid-roads-and-rail-stations-litter

114 Network Rail (2020) Fly-tipping risk for Scotland’s Railway, https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/fly-tipping-risk-for-scotlands-railway

115 Calculation based on: Scottish Council of Independent Schools (2021) Facts & Figures, https://www.scis.org.uk/facts-and-figures/

116 onlinegambling.ca (2022) Football stadium’s wastage, https://www.onlinegambling.ca/content-hub/football-stadiums-highest-wastage.php

117 The Sun (2017) Glastonbury clean-up costing £785,000 and lasting six weeks begins as 200,000 festival-goers head home leaving behind mounds of rubbish, https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/3883718/glastonbury-2017-clean-up-pictures-rubbish-after-festival/