UK Cetacean Conservation Strategy: technical report

This publication describes the process undertaken to assess the vulnerability of the cetacean species covered in the UK Cetacean Conservation Strategy to the key pressures acting on cetaceans in UK waters.


References

Ackleh, A.S., Ioup, G.E., Ioup, J.W., Ma, B., Newcomb, J.J., Pal, N., Sidorovskaia, N.A. and Tiemann, C., 2012. Assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on marine mammal population through acoustics: endangered sperm whales. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131(3), pp.2306-2314.

Anderwald, P., Brandecker, A., Coleman, M., Collins, C., Denniston, H., Haberlin, M. D., O’Donovan, M., Pinfield, R., Visser, F., and Walshe, L. (2013). Displacement responses of a mysticete, an odontocete, and a phocid seal to construction related vessel traffic. Endangered Species Research, 21(3), 231–240.

Andreasen, H., Ross, S.D., Siebert, U., Andersen, N.G., Ronnenberg, K., Gilles, A., 2017. Diet composition and food consumption rate of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the western Baltic Sea. Marine Mammal Science, 33, 1053–1079.

Antunes, R., Kvadsheim, P.H., Lam, F.P.A., Tyack, P.L., Thomas, L, P.J. & Miller, P.J.O. (2014) High thresholds for avoidance of sonar by free-ranging long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), Marine Pollution Bulletin, 83, 165-180

ASCOBANS 2015. Underwater Unexploded Ordnance in the ASCOBANS Area. 22nd ASCOBANS Advisory Committee Meeting AC22/Doc.4.6

Bailey, H., Senior, B., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., Picken, G., and Thompson, P.M. (2010). Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effect on marine mammals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(6), 888-897.

Barkaszi, M.J. and Kelly, C.J., 2024. Analysis of protected species observer data: Strengths, weaknesses, and application in the assessment of marine mammal responses to seismic surveys in the northern Gulf of Mexico 2002–2015. Plos one, 19(3), p.e0300658.

Bearzi, G., Politi, E., Agazzi, S., & Azzellino, A. (2006). Prey depletion caused by overfishing and the decline of marine megafauna in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters (central Mediterranean). Biological Conservation, 127(4), 373–382.

Bearzi, R., Reeves, R.R., Remontao, E., Pierantonio, N. and Airoldi. S. 2010. Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus in the Mediterranean Sea. Mammalian Biology 76(4): 385-400

Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., Heithaus, M., Watson-Capps, J., Flaherty, C., and Krutzen., M. (2006) Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to long term disturbance. Conservation Biology, 20(6) pp. 1791 – 1798.

Bengtson Nash, S.M., Baddock, M.C., Takahashi, E., Dawson, A. and Cropp, R., 2017. Domoic acid poisoning as a possible cause of seasonal cetacean mass stranding events in Tasmania, Australia. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 98, pp.8-13.

Berrow, S., Cosgrove, R., Leeney, R., O’Brien, J., Mcgrath, D., Dalgard, J. and Le Gall, Y. (2008). Effects of acoustic deterrents on the behaviour of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 10, 227-233.

Blanco, C., Raduan, A and Raga, J. A., 2006. Diet of Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the western Mediterranean Sea. Scentia Marina 70 (3), September 2006, 407-411, Barcelona, Spain.

Boisseau O, McGarry T, Stephenson S, Compton R and others 2021. Minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata avoid a 15 kHz acoustic deterrent device (ADD). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 667:191-206.

Borrell, A., Aguilar, A., Tornero, V. and Drago, M., 2014. Concentrations of mercury in tissues of striped dolphins suggest decline of pollution in Mediterranean open waters. Chemosphere, 107, pp.319-323.

Boyd, I. (ed.) 2008. The effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. A draft research Strategy. Marine Board-ESF Position Paper 13

Brandt, M, Diederichs, A., Betke, K. and Nehls, G. 2011. Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 421: 205-216

Brandt, M., Dragon, A., Diederichs, A., Bellmann, M., Wahl, V., Piper, W., Nabe-Nielsen, J., & Nehls, G. 2018. Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 596, 213–232.

Brennecke, D., Siebert, U., Kindt-Larsen, L., Midtiby, H., Egemose, H., Ortiz, S. et al. 2022. The fine-scale behavior of harbor porpoises towards pingers. Fisheries Research, 255, 106437.

Brophy, J., Murphy, S., and Rogan, E. (2009) The diet and feeding ecology of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the northeast Atlantic. Report to the International Whaling Commission, SC/61/SM14.

Brownlow, A., Baily, J., Dagleish, M., Deaville, R., Foster, G., Jensen, S-K., Krupp, E., Law, R., Penrose, R., Perkins, M., Read, F. & Jepson, P. 2015. Investigation into the long-finned pilot whale mass stranding event, Kyle of Durness, 22nd July 2011. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Brownlow, A., Baily, J., Davison, M.D.N., Deaville, R., Foster, G., Gajdosechova, Z., Jensen, S.K., Jepson, P., Krupp, E., McGovern, B. and Morell, M. 2014. Investigation into the long-finned pilot whale mass stranding event, Pittenweem, Fife, 2nd September 2012. Final report to Marine Scotland, Scottish Government, pp.1-48. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Bull, J.C., Jones, O.R., Börger, L., Franconi, N., Banga, R., Lock, K. and Stringell, T.B. 2021. Climate causes shifts in grey seal phenology by modifying age structure. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288(1964), 20212284.

Canadas, A., Desportes, G. and Borchers, D. (2004) The estimation of the detection function and g(0) for short beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), using double platform data collected during the NASS-95 Faroese survey. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 6 (2) pp 191 - 198.

Capelli R., Das K., De Pellegrini R., Drava G., Lepoint G., Miglio C., Minganti V., Poggi R. (2008): Distribution of trace elements in organs of six species of cetaceans from the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean), and the relationship with stable carbon and nitrogen ratios. The Science of the Total Environment, 390, 569–578.

Carlson, T.J., Elster, J.L., Jones, M.E., Watson, B.E., Copping, A.E., Watkins, M.L., Jepsen, R.A. and Metzinger, K., 2012. Assessment of strike of adult killer whales by an openhydro tidal turbine blade (No. PNNL-21177). Pacific Northwest National Lab.(PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).

Carlson, T., Grear, M., Copping, A., Halvorsen, M., Jepsen, R. and Metzinger, K., 2014. Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade. Report by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL).

Carstensen, J, Henriksen, O D. and Teilmann, J. 2006. Impacts of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises : acoustic monitoring of echo- location activity using porpoise detectors ( T-PODs ). Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 321: 295-308

Castellote, M., Clark, C.W. and Lammers, M.O., 2012. Acoustic and behavioural changes by fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in response to shipping and airgun noise. Biological Conservation, 147(1), pp.115-122.

Cholewiak, D., DeAngelis, A. I., Palka, D., Corkeron, P. J., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2017. Beaked whales demonstrate a marked acoustic response to the use of shipboard echosounders. Royal Society Open Science, 4(12), 170940.

Christiansen, F. and Lusseau, D. (2015). Linking Behavior to Vital Rates to Measure the Effects of Non‐Lethal Disturbance on Wildlife. Conservation Letters, 8, 424-431.

Christiansen, F., Rasmussen, M. and Lusseau, D. 2013. Whale watching disrupts feeding activities of minke whales on a feeding ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 478, 239-251.

Clausen, K. T., Teilmann, J., Wisniewska, D. M., Balle, J. D., Delefosse, M., & Van Beest, F. M. 2021. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena , shows seasonal artificial reef attraction despite elevated noise levels close to oil and gas platforms. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 2(1),

Cohen, R.E., C.C. James, C.C., Lee, A., Martinelli, M.M., Muraoka, W.T., Ortega, M., Sadowski, R., Starkey, L., Szesciorka, A.R., Timko, S.E. and Weiss, E.L. 2018. Marine host-pathogen dynamics: Influences of global climate change. Oceanography, 31(2), 182–193.

Coombs, E.J., Deaville, R., Sabin, R.C., Allan, L., O'Connell, M., Berrow, S., Smith, B., Brownlow, A., Doeschate, M.T., Penrose, R. and Williams, R. 2019. What can cetacean stranding records tell us? A study of UK and Irish cetacean diversity over the past 100 years. Marine Mammal Science, 35(4), 1527-1555.

Coram, A.J., Gordon, J.C.D., Thompson, D. and Northridge, S. 2014. Evaluating and assessing the relative effectiveness of acoustic deterrent devices and other non-lethal measures on marine mammals. Scottish Government.

Couperus, A. S 1997. Interactions Between Dutch Midwater Trawl and Atlantic White-sided Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) Southwest of Ireland. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., Vol. 22: 209–218.

Cox, T.M., T.J. Ragen, A.J. Read, E. Vos, R.W. Baird, K. Balcomb, J. Barlow, J. Caldwell, T. Cranford, L. Crum, A. D'Amico, D.S. G., A. Fernández, J. Finneran, R. Gentry, W. Gerth, F. Gulland, J. Hildebrand, D. Houser, T. Hullar, P.D. Jepson, D. Ketten, C.D. Macleod, P. Miller, S. Moore, D.C. Mountain, D. Palka, P. Ponganis, S. Rommel, T. Rowles, B. Taylor, P. Tyack, D. Wartzok, R. Gisiner, J. Meads, and L. Benner. 2006. Understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7:177-187

Deaville, R and Jepson, P. D (Eds) 2015. Annual Report 2015. Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme CSIP.

Deaville, R. and Jepson, P D. (Eds). 2011. Final Report for the period 1st January 2005 – 31st December 2010. Cetacean Stranding Investigation Programme CSIP, Defra contracts CR0346 and CR0364.

Deaville, R and Jepson, P.D. (compilers). 2017. Final Report for the period 1st January 2011 – 31st December 2017. Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme CSIP. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Deaville, R. (compiler) 2016. UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2015.

Deaville, R. (compiler). 2018. UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme final contract report to Defra (MB0111 2011-2017). [Accessed 22nd May 2024]

Deaville, R and Jepson, P. D. (Eds) In press. Final Report for the period 1st January 2011 – 31st December 2016. Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme CSIP.

De Guise, S., Levin, M., Jasperse, L., Herrman, J., Wells, R.S., Rowles, T. and Schwacke, L., 2021. Long‐term immunological alterations in bottlenose dolphin a decade after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Potential for multigenerational effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(5), pp.1308-1321.

De La Riva, G.T., Johnson, C.K., Gulland, F.M., Langlois, G.W., Heyning, J.E., Rowles, T.K. and Mazet, J.A., 2009. Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern California coastline. Journal of wildlife diseases, 45(1), pp.109-121.

Deng, Z.D., Southall, B.L., Carlson, T.J., Xu, J., Martinez, J.J., Weiland, M.A. and Ingraham, J.M., 2014. 200 kHz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes audible to some marine mammals. PloS one, 9(4), p.e95315.

De Pierrepont, J., Dubois, B., Desormonts, S., Santos, M., and Robin, J. 2005. Stomach contents of English Channel cetaceans stranded on the coast of Normandy. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(6), 1539-1546.

DeRuiter, S.L., and Lurton, X. (2011). Potential risks posed to marine mammals by sound radiation from echosounders [poster]. Society of Marine Mammalogy – 19th Biennial Conference. Tampa, FL: 27 November-2 December 2011.

Desforges, J. P. W., Sonne, C., Levin, M., Siebert, U., De Guise, S., & Dietz, R. (2016). Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals. Environment international, 86, 126-139.

Dunlop, R.A., Noad, M.J., McCauley, R.D., Kniest, E., Slade, R., Paton, D. and Cato, D.H., 2017. The behavioural response of migrating humpback whales to a full seismic airgun array. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1869), p.20171901.

Erbe, C., Marley, S.A., Schoeman, R.P., Smith, J.N., Trigg, L.E. and Embling, C.B., 2019. The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:606

Fall, J. and Skern-Mauritzen, M. (2014). White-beaked dolphin distribution and association with prey in the Barents Sea. Marine Biology Research, 10(10), 957-971.

Feyrer, L.J., Stanistreet, J.E. and Moors-Murphy, H.B., 2024. Navigating the unknown: assessing anthropogenic threats to beaked whales, family Ziphiidae. Royal Society Open Science, 11(4), p.240058.

Findlay, C. R., Aleynik, D., Farcas, A., Merchant, N. D., Risch, D., & Wilson, B. 2021. Auditory impairment from acoustic seal deterrents predicted for harbour porpoises in a marine protected area. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(8), 1631–1642.

Findlay, C. R., Rojano-Doñate, L., Tougaard, J., Johnson, M. P., & Madsen, P. T. 2023. Small reductions in cargo vessel speed substantially reduce noise impacts to marine mammals. Science Advances, 9(25)

Findlay C. R., Coomber, F., Dudley,R., Bland, L., Calderan, S.V., Hartny-Mills, L., Leaper,R ., Tougaard,J., Merchant,N.D., Risch,D., Wilson,B. 024) Harbour porpoises respond to chronic acoustic deterrent device noise from aquaculture,Biological Conservation,Volume 293

Fire, S.E., Wang, Z., Byrd, M., Whitehead, H.R., Paternoster, J. and Morton, S.L., 2011. Co-occurrence of multiple classes of harmful algal toxins in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranding during an unusual mortality event in Texas, USA. Harmful algae, 10(3), pp.330-336.

Fire, S.E., Flewelling, L.J., Stolen, M., Durden, W.N., de Wit, M., Spellman, A.C. and Wang, Z., 2015. Brevetoxin-associated mass mortality event of bottlenose dolphins and manatees along the east coast of Florida, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 526, pp.241-251.

Foote, A.D, Similä, T, Vķkingsson, G.A., Stevick, P.T. 2010. Movement, site fidelity and connectivity in a top marine predator, the killer whale. Evolutionary Ecology 24:803–814.

Foote AD, Morin PA, Durban JW, Willerslev E, Orlando L, Gilbert MTP. (2011). Out of the Pacific and back again: insights into the matrilineal history of Pacific killer whale ecotypes. PLoS One 6: e24980. Gaspari, S. (2004) Social and population structure of striped and Risso’s dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.

Gaspari, S. (2004) Social and population structure of striped and Risso’s dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.

Goodale, D.R., Hyman, M.A., Winn, H.E., Edkel, R.K. and Tyrell, M.F. 1981. Cetacean responses in association with the Regal Sword oil spill. In: Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, a characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf. Annual report for 1979, contract AA551-CT8-48. Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C.

Goold, J.C. (1996). Acoustic assessment of populations of common dolphin Delphinus delphis in conjunction with seismic surveying. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 76, 811-820

Gordon, J., Gillespie, D., Potter, J., Frantzis, A., Simmonds, M. P., Swift, R., & Thompson, D. 2003. A Review of the Effects of Seismic Surveys on Marine Mammals. Marine Technology Society Journal, 37(4), 16–34.

Götz, T., Hastie, G. D., Hatch, L., Raustein, O., Southall, B. L., Tasker, M. L., and Thomsen, F. (2009). Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment. OSPAR Biodiversity Series, 411

Götz T, Janik VM (2013) Acoustic deterrent devices to prevent pinniped depredation: efficiency, conservation concerns and possible solutions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 492:285-302.

Graham, L., Hale, C., Maung- Douglass, E., Sempier, S., Skelton, T., Swann, L., and Wilson, M. (2017). Oil spill science: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impact on bottlenose dolphins. MASGP-17-002.

Graham, I. M., Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., Barton, T. R., Cheney, B., et al. 2017. Responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises to variations in piling noise during harbour construction. Ecosphere 8, 1–16.

Graham, I. M., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., Barton, T. R., Cheney, B., Bono, S., & Thompson, P. M. (2019). Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6), 190335.

Graham, I.M., Gillespie D,,Gkikopoulou, K..C, Hastie, G.D., Thompson, P.M. 2023 Directional hydrophone clusters reveal evasive responses of small cetaceans to disturbance during construction at offshore windfarms. Biology Letters 19

Hall, A.J., McConnell, B.J., Rowles, T. K., Aguilar, A., Borrell, A., Schwacke, Reijnders, P.J.H and Randall S. Wells. 2006. Individual-Based Model Framework to Assess Population Consequences of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in Bottlenose Dolphins. Environmental Health Perspective. 114(S-1): 60-64

Hamilton, L.J., 2018. Large mass strandings of selected odontocete species: statistics, locations, and relation to earth processes. Journal of Cetacean Research & Management, 19.

Hammond, P.S., Berggren, P., Benke, H., Borchers, D.L., Collet, A., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Heimlich, S., Hiby, A.R., Leopold, M.F. and Øien, N. 2002. Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 361–376.

Hammond, P.S., Lacey, C., Gilles, A., Viquerat, S., Börjesson, P., Herr, H., Macleod, K., Ridoux, V., Santos, M.B., Scheidat, M., Teilmann, J., Vingada, J, and Øien, N. 2021. Estimates of cetacean abundance in European Atlantic waters in summer 2016 from the SCANS-III aerial and shipboard surveys. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Hammond, P.S., Macleod, K., Berggren, P., Borchers, D.L., Burt, L., Cañadas, A., Desportes, G., Donovan, G.P., Gilles, A., Gillespie, D. and Gordon, J. 2013. Cetacean abundance and distribution in European Atlantic shelf waters to inform conservation and management. Biological Conservation, 164, 107–122.

Harris, C., Thomas, L., Falcone, E. A., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D., Kvadsheim P. H., Lam F-P. A., Miller, P. J. P., Moretti, D. J., Read, A. J., Slabbekoorn, H., Southall, B. L., Tyack, P. L., Wartzok, D. and Janik. V. M. (2017). Marine mammals and sonar: Dose‐response studies, the risk‐disturbance hypothesis and the role of exposure context. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1), 396-404.

Hastie, G.D., Wilson, B., Tufft, L.H. and Thompson, P.M. 2003. Bottlenose dolphins increase breathing synchrony in response to boat traffic. Marine Mammal Science, 19(1), 74-084.

Hastie, G., Merchant, N. D., Götz, T., Russell, D. J. F., Thompson, P., & Janik, V. M. 2019. Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range‐dependent risk. Ecological Applications, 29(5)

Häussermann, V., Gutstein, C.S., Bedington, M., Cassis, D., Olavarria, C., Dale, A.C., Valenzuela-Toro, A.M., Perez-Alvarez, M.J., Sepúlveda, H.H., McConnell, K.M. and Horwitz, F.E., 2017. Largest baleen whale mass mortality during strong El Niño event is likely related to harmful toxic algal bloom. PeerJ, 5, p.e3123

Heiler,J., Elwen, S. H., Kriesell, H. J and Gridley, T. (2016). Changes in bottlenose dolphin whistle parameters related to vessel presence, surface behaviour and group composition. Animal Behaviour, 117, 167-177.

Heinänen, S. and Skov, H. 2015. The identification of discrete and persistent areas of relatively high harbour porpoise density in the wider UK marine area, JNCC Report No. 544, JNCC, Peterborough.

Hernández-Milián, G. 2014. Trophic role of small cetaceans and seals in Irish waters. Doctoral dissertation, University College Cork, Ireland. 405 pp

Hernandez‐Milian, G., Begoña Santos, M., Reid, D. and Rogan, E. 2016. Insights into the diet of Atlantic white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the Northeast Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science, 32, 735-742. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12272

IAMMWG, Camphuysen, C.J. & Siemensma, M.L. 2015. A Conservation Literature Review for the Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). JNCC Report No. 566, Peterborough. 96pp. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/e3c85307-1294-4e2c-9864-f4dd0f195e1e/JNCC-Report-566-FINAL-WEB.pdf [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

ICES. 2012. Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME), 5–8 March 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2012/ACOM:27. 146 pp.

ICES. (2015). Bycatch of small cetaceans and other marine animals – Review of national reports under Council Regulation (EC) No. 812/2004 and other published document. ICES Advice 2015, Book 1, 5pp.

ICES. 2015a. Report of the Working Group on Bycatch of Protected Species (WGBYC), 2-6 February 2015, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2015\ACOM:26. 82 pp.

ICES 2015b. Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME). ICES Advisory Committee, ICES CM 2015/ACOM:25. 9–12 February 2015 London, UK.

IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2007. Report of the scientific committee. Annex K. Report of the Standing Working Group on environmental concerns. J. Cetacean Res. Manag. 9 (Suppl.): 227–296.

Jansen, O., Leopold, M., Meesters, E., and Smeenk, C. (2010). Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90(8), 1501-1505.

Jansen, O.E. (2013). Fishing for food: feeding ecology of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris in Dutch waters. PhD thesis, Wageningen University.

Jelinski, D.E., Krueger, C.C. & Duffus, D.A., 2002. Geostatistical analyses of interactions between killer whales (Orcinus orca) and recreational whale-watching boats. Applied Geography, 22, 393-411

Jepson, P.D., Bennett, P.M., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J., Kuiken, T., Baker, J.R., Rogan, E. and Kirkwood, J.K. 1999. Investigating potential associations between chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and infectious disease mortality in harbour porpoises from England and Wales. Sci Total Environ 243/244: 339-348.

Jepson, P.D. Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Pocknell, A.M., Ross, H.M., Baker, J.R., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Colloff, A. and Cunningham, A.A. 2005. Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Pathology, 42: 291.

Jepson, P.D. 2006. Cetacean Strandings Investigation and Co-ordination in the UK 2000-2004. Final report to the Department for Food and Rural Affairs. pp 1-79.

Jepson PD, Deaville R, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Barnett J, Brownlow A, Brownell Jr. RL, et al., (2013) What Caused the UK's Largest Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Mass Stranding Event? PLoS ONE 8(4): e60953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060953.

Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Barber, J. L., Aguilar, A., Borrell, A., Murphy, S., Barry, J., Brownlow, A., Barnett, J., Berrow, S., Cunningham, A. A., Davison, N. J., ten Doeschate, M., Esteban, R., , Ferreira, M., Foote, A. D., Genov, T.,Giménez, J., Loveridge, J., Llavona, A., Martin, V., Maxwell, D. L., Papachlimitzou, A., Penrose, R., Perkins, M. W., Smith, B., de Stephanis, R., Tregenza, N., Verborgh, P., Fernandez, A & Law, R. J. 2016. PCB pollution continues to impact populations of orcas and other dolphins in European waters. Sci. Rep. 6, 18573 (2016).

Jepson PD, Arbelo M, Deaville R, Patterson IA, Castro P, Baker JR, Degollada E, Ross HM, Herraez P, Pocknell AM, Rodriguez F, Howie FE, Espinosa A, Reid RJ, Jaber JR, Martin V, Cunningham AA, Fernandez A, 2003. Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature 425:575–576, 2003.

JNCC (2020). Guidance for assessing the significance of noise disturbance against Conservation Objectives of harbour porpoise SACs (England, Wales & Northern Ireland). JNCC Report No. 654, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Kavanagh, A. S., Nykänen, M., Hunt, W., Richardson, N., & Jessopp, M. J. 2019. Seismic surveys reduce cetacean sightings across a large marine ecosystem. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 19164.

Kebke, A., Samarra, F. and Derous, D. 2022. Climate change and cetacean health: impacts and future directions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1854), 20210249.

Kim, G.B., Tanabe, S., Iwakiri, R., Tatsukawa, R., Amano, M., Miyazaki, N. and Tanaka, H. 1996. Accumulation of butyltin compounds in Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) from the Pacific coast of Japan: comparison with organochlorine residue pattern. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(8): 2620-2625

Kindt‐Larsen, L., Berg, C. W., Northridge, S., & Larsen, F. 2019. Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) reactions to pingers. Marine Mammal Science, 35(2), 552–573.

Kingston P. 1999. Recovery of the Marine Environment Following the Braer Spill, Shetland. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings: March 1999, No. 1: 103-109.

Kleivane, L. and Skaare, J.U., 1998. Organochlorine contaminants in northeast Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Environmental Pollution, 101(2), 231-239.

Kvadsheim, P.H., DeRuiter, S., Sivle, L.D., Goldbogen, J., Roland-Hansen, R., Miller, P.J.O., Lam, F.A., Calambokidis, J., Friedlaender, A., Visser, F., Tyack, P.L., Kleivane, L., and Southall, B. (2017). Avoidance responses of minke whales to 1-4kHz naval sonar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1-2),60-68.

Kyhn LA, Jørgensen PB, Carstensen J, Bech NI, Tougaard J, Dabelsteen T, Teilmann J. 2015. Pingers cause temporary habitat displacement in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Marine Ecology Progress Series 526:253-265.

Lane, S.M., Smith, C.R., Mitchell, J., Balmer, B.C., Barry, K.P., McDonald, T., Mori, C.S., Rosel, P.E., Rowles, T.K., Speakman, T.R. and Townsend, F.I., 2015. Reproductive outcome and survival of common bottlenose dolphins sampled in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1818), p.20151944.

La Manna, G., Ronchetti, F., and Sarà. G. (2016). Predicting common bottlenose dolphin habitat preference to dynamically adapt management measures from a Marine Spatial Planning perspective. Ocean & Coastal Management, 130, 317-327. ISSN 0964-5691.

Larsen, F. and Eigaard, O.R. (2014). Acoustic alarms reduce bycatch of harbour porpoise in Danish North Sea gillnet fisheries. Fisheries Research, 153, 108-112.

Larsen, F., Krog, C., and Eigaard, P.R. (2013). Determining optimal pinger spacing for harbour porpoise bycatch mitigation. Endangered Species Research, 20, 147-152.

Lassalle, G., Gascuel, D., Le Loc’h, F., Lobry, J., Pierce, G., Ridoux, V., Santos, M.N., Spitz, and Niquil, N. (2012). An ecosystem approach for the assessment of fisheries impacts on marine top predators: the Bay of Biscay case study. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(6), 1731–1743.

Lavery TJ, Kemper CM, Sanderson K, Schultz CG, Coyle P, Mitchell JG, Seuront L. 2009. Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in South Australian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Mar Environ Res. 67: 1-7

Law, R.J., Barry, J., Barber, J.L., Bersuder, P., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., Brownlow, A., Penrose, R., Barnett, J., Loveridge, J., Smith, B. and Jepson, P.D. 2012. Contaminants in cetaceans from UK waters: Status as assessed within the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme from 1990 to 2008. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 1485–1494

Leaper, R., MacLennan, E., Brownlow, A., Calderan, S.V., Dyke, K., Evans, P.G., Hartny-Mills, L., Jarvis, D., McWhinnie, L., Philp, A. and Read, F.L. 2022. Estimates of humpback and minke whale entanglements in the Scottish static pot (creel) fishery. Endangered Species Research, 49, pp.217-232.

Leeney, R. H., Berrow, S., McGrath, D., O’Brien, J., Cosgrove, R. & Godley, B. J., 2007. Effects of pingers on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 129-133.

Lepper, P. A., Cheong, S.-H., Robinson, S. P., Wang, L., Tougaard, J., Griffiths, E. T., & Hartley, J. P. 2024. In-situ comparison of high-order detonations and low-order deflagration methodologies for underwater unexploded ordnance (UXO) disposal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 199, 115965

Lohrengel, K., Evans, P.G.H., Lindenbaum, C.P., Morris, C.W., Stringell, T.B. (2018) Bottlenose dolphin monitoring in Cardigan Bay 2014-2016, NRW Evidence Report No: 191, 162pp, Natural Resources Wales, Bangor.

MacLennan, E., Hartny-Mills, L., Read, F.L., Dolman, S.J., Philp, A., Dearing, K.E., Jarvis, D. and Brownlow, A.C. Scottish Entanglement Alliance (SEA) - understanding the scale and impacts of marine animal entanglement in the Scottish creel fishery. NatureScot Research Report 1268. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

MacLennan, E., Leaper, R., Brownlow, A., Calderan, S., Jarvis, D., Hartny-Mills, L. and Ryan, C. 2020. Estimate of humpback and minke whale entanglements in Scotland. IWC Report. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Reid, R.J., Scott, B.E. and Pierce, G.J. 2007a. Linking sandeel consumption and the likelihood of starvation in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea: could climate change mean more starving porpoises? Biology Letters, 3: 185-188

MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., and Pierce, G.J. 2007b. Starvation and sandeel consumption in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea. Biology Letters, 3, 535-536.

Macloed, K., Fairbairns, R., Gill, A., Fairbairns, B., Gordon, J., Blair-Myers, C., and Parsons, E.C.M. (2004). Seasonal distribution of minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata in relation to physiography and prey off the Isle of Mull, Scotland. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277, 263-274.

Madsen, P., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K., & Tyack, P. 2006. Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 309, 279–295

Malinka, C. E., Gillespie, D. M., Macaulay, J. D.J., Joy, R. and Sparling, C. E. (2018). First in-situ passive acoustic monitoring for marine mammals during operation of a tidal turbine in Ramsey Sound, Wales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 590, 247-266.

Matkin, C.O., Saulitis, E. L., Ellis, G. M., Olesiuk, P. & Rice, S. D., 2008. Ongoing population-level impacts on killer whales Orcinus orca following the ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. MEPS, 356: 269–281.

Marmo, B., Roberts, I., Buckingham, M.P., King, S. & Booth, C. (2013) Modelling of noise effects of operational offshore wind turbines including noise transmission through various foundation types. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 4, 5

Marques, T.A., Thomas, L., Booth, C.G., Garrison, L.P., Rosel, P.E., Takeshita, R., Mullin, K.D. and Schwacke, L., 2023. Population consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on pelagic cetaceans. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 714, pp.1-14.

Martin, E., Banga, R. and Taylor, N.L. 2023. Climate change impacts on marine mammals around the UK and Ireland. MCCIP Science Review 2023, 22pp.

Matkin, C.O., Saulitis, E. L., Ellis, G. M., Olesiuk, P. & Rice, S. D. 2008. Ongoing population-level impacts on killer whales Orcinus orca following the ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 356, 269–281.

McGarry, T., Boisseau, O., Stephenson, S., Compton, R. (2017). Understanding the Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) on Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), a Low Frequency Cetacean. ORJIP Project 4, Phase 2. RPS Report EOR0692. Prepared on behalf of The Carbon Trust. November 2017.

McHugh, B., Law, R.J., Aillchin, C.R., Rogan, E., Murphy, S., Foley, M.B., Glynn, D., and McGovern, E. 2007. Bioaccumulation and enantiomeric profiling of organochlorine pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the killer whale (Orcinus orca) from British and Irish waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54(11): 1724-1731.

McKenzie, C., Rogan, E., Reid, R.J. and Wells, D.E. 1997. Concentrations and patterns of organic contaminants in Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from Irish and Scottish coastal waters. Environmental Pollution, 98(1), 15-27.

Meissner, A. M., Christiansen, F., Martinez, E., Pawley, M. D. M., Orams, M. B., & Stockin, K. A. (2015). Behavioural Effects of Tourism on Oceanic Common Dolphins, Delphinus sp., in New Zealand: The Effects of Markov Analysis Variations and Current Tour Operator Compliance with Regulations. PLoS ONE, 10(1), e0116962.

Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D., Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S. and Pouvreau, S. 1999. Incidental catches of marine-mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41, 297-307.

Millian-Hernandez, G et al., 2015. Insights into the trophic ecology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Irish waters'. Aquatic Mammals 41(2): 226-239

Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D., Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S. and Pouvreau, S. (1999). Incidental catches of marine-mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 41, 297-307.

Murphy S, Barber JL, Learmonth JA, Read FL, Deaville R, Perkins MW, Brownlow, A., Davison, N, Penrose, R, Pierce, GJ, Law, RJ and Jepson, PD. 2015. Reproductive Failure in UK Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena: Legacy of Pollutant Exposure? PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131085.

Murphy, S., Law, R.J., Deaville, R., Barnett, J., Perkins, M.W., Brownlow, A., Penrose, R., Davison, N.J., Barber, J.L. and Jepson, P.D. 2018. Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive implication in cetaceans: a case study of the common dolphin. Marine mammal ecotoxicology, 2018, 3-38.

Murphy, S., Pinn, E.H., and Jepson, P.D. 2013. The short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the northeast atlantic distribution, ecology, management and conservation status. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review, 51, 193–280.

Nabe-Nielsen, J., van Beest, F. M., Grimm, V., Sibly, R. M. Teilmann, J. and Thompson, P. M. (2018). Predicting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine populations. Conservation Letters, 11(5),[12563]. DOI: 10.1111/conl.12563

NEFCE/NOAA. 2015. Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus): Northern Gulf of Mexico Stock. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Neumann, D. R and Orams, M. B., 2006. Impacts of Ecotourism on Short-Beaked Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Mercury Bay, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals 2006, 32(1), 1-9

New, L.F., Hall, A.J., Harcourt, R., Kaufman, G., Parsons, E.C.M., Pearson, H.C., Cosentino, A.M. and Schick, R.S. 2015. The modelling and assessment of whale-watching impacts. Ocean & Coastal Management 115: 10-16

NOAA. 2018. 2018 Revisions to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0): Underwater Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts. U.S. Dept. of Commer., NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-59. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Noad, M. and Dunlop, R., 2023. Humpback whales increase the length of their songs during nearby airgun operations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 154(4_supplement), pp.A88-A88.

Northridge, S.P., 1991. An updated world review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 251, Suppl. 1. Rome, FAO. 58p. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Northridge, S., Cargill, A., Coram, A., Mandleberg, L., Calderan, S. and Reid, B. 2010. Entanglement of minke whales in Scottish waters; an investigation into occurrence, causes and mitigation. Sea Mammal Research Unit. Final Report to Scottish Government CR/2007/49.

NORTHRIDGE S.P., A. CORAM, & J. GORDON 2013b. Investigations on seal depredation at Scottish fish farms. Scottish Government, Edinburgh.

Northridge, S., Kingston, A., Mackay, A. and Lonergan, M. 2011. Bycatch of Vulnerable Species: Understanding the Process and Mitigating the Impacts. Final Report to Defra Marine and Fisheries Science Unit, Project no MF1003. University of St Andrews. Defra, London. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Northridge, C.P., Kingston, A.R., and Thomas, L.J. (2011). Report to the European Commission on the Implementation of Regulation 812/2004 by the United Kingdom for the Calendar Year 2010. DEFRA, 21p.

Northridge, S., Kingston, A. and Thomas. 2013. Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No812/2004 during 2012. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University St Andrews. Report prepared to the European Commission. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Northridge , S. Kingston, A. and Thomas. , 2016 Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No812/2004 during 2015. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University St Andrews. Report prepared to the European Commission

Northridge, S., Kingston, A. and Thomas, L. 2017. Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 812/2004 during 2016. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University St Andrews. Report prepared to the European Commission.

Northridge, S. Kingston, A. and Thomas. 2018. Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No812/2004 during 2017. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University St Andrews. Report prepared to the European Commission. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Northridge, S. Kingston, A. and Thomas. 2019. Annual report on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No812/2004 during 2018. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University St Andrews. Report prepared to the European Commission. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Nowacek, D. P., Thorne, L. H., Johnston, D. W., & Tyack, P. L. 2007. Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. Mammal Review, 37(2), 81–115.

Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B., Reid, R.J., Patterson, I.A.P. and Ross, H.M. (2004). Diet of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in Scottish (UK) waters with notes on strandings of this species in Scotland 1992-2002. Journal of the marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 1241-1244.

Pirotta, E., Laesser, B. E., Hardaker, A., Riddoch, N., Marcoux, M., and Lusseau, D. (2013). Dredging displaces bottlenose dolphins from an urbanised foraging patch. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(1), 396–402

Pirotta, E., Merchant, N.D., Thompson, P.M., Barton, T.R., and Lusseau, D. 2014. Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 181, 82–89.

Pirotta, E., Milor, R., Quick, N., Moretti, D., Di Marzio, N., Tyack, P., Boyd, I. and Hastie, G., 2012. Vessel noise affects beaked whale behavior: results of a dedicated acoustic response study. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42535

Pirotta, E., New, L., Harwood, J. and Lusseau D. 2014. Activities, motivations and disturbance: an agent-based model of bottlenose dolphin behavioral dynamics and interactions with tourism in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Ecological Modelling, 282, 44-58

Quick, N., Scott-Hayward, L., Sadykova, D., Nowacek, D., & Read, A. 2017. Effects of a scientific echo sounder on the behavior of short-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 74(5), 716–726.

Rasmussen, M.H., Atem, A.C.G., and Miller, L.A. (2016). Behavioral Responses by Icelandic White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) to Playback Sounds. Aquatic Mammals, 42, 317-329.

Read, A.J., Drinker, P., and Northridge, S. (2006). Bycatch of Marine Mammal in U.S and Global Fisheries. Conservation Biology, 20, 163-169.

Reeves, R.R., McClellan, K., and Werner, T.B. 2013. Marine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to 2011. Endangered Species Research, 20, 71–97.

Reeves, R.R., Smeenk, C., Brownell, L., Kinze, C.C. 1999. Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828). In: Ridgway SH, Harrison SR (eds) Handbook of marine mammals, vol 6., The second book of dolphins and porpoises. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 31–56

Rendell LE, Gordon JCD (1999) Vocal response of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) to military sonar in the Ligurian Sea. Marine Mammal Science 15:198 – 204

Reyes J.C. 1991. The conservation of small cetaceans: a review. Report prepared for the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. UNEP / CMS Secretariat, Bonn.

Richardson J. 1995. Documented disturbance reactions. In: Richardson W.J., C.R. Greene JR, C.I. Malme & D.H. Thomson (eds) Marine mammals and noise: 241-324. Academic Press, San Diego.

Richardson, W. J., & Würsig, B.1997. Influences of man‐made noise and other human actions on cetacean behaviour. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 29(1–4), 183–209.

Ridoux, V., Lafontaine, L., Bustamante, P., Caurant, F., Dabin, W., Delcroix, C., Hassani, S., Meynier, L., Silva, V.P., Simonin, S., Robert, M., Spitz, J., and Canneyt, O.V. (2004). The impact of the “ Erika ” oil spill on pelagic and coastal marine mammals: Combining demographic, ecological, trace metals and biomarker evidences. Aquatic Living Resources, EDP Sciences, 17(3), 379-387

Risch, D, & Favill, G, & Marmo, B & van Geel, N & Benjamins, Steven & Thompson, P & Wittich, A & Wilson, B. 2023. Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines. Fortune report -Supergen

Robinson K.P., Tetley M.J. and Mitchelson-Jacob E.G. (2009). The distribution and habitat preference of coastally occurring minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in north-east Scotland. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 13(1), 39-48.

Robinson, S. P., Wang, L., Cheong, S.-H., Lepper, P. A., Marubini, F., & Hartley, J. P. 2020. Underwater acoustic characterisation of unexploded ordnance disposal using deflagration. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111646.

Robinson, S.P., Wang, L., Cheong, S., Lepper, P., Hartley, J., Thompson, P.M., Edwards, E., Bellmann, M. 2022. Acoustic characterisation of unexploded ordnance disposal in the North Sea using high order detonations. Marine Pollution Bulletin

Roesijadi G. 1992. Metallothioneins in metal regulation and toxicity in aquatic animals. Aquat Toxicol 22: 81-114.

Ross, A. (2003). Cetacean bycatch in pelagic trawl fisheries in the Celtic Sea, Biscay, Channel area - a case for emergency action (AC10/Doc.19 O). Bonn, Germany, (unpublished); 10.

Ross, P.S., Ellis, G.M., Ikonomou, M.G., Barrett-Lennard, L.G., and Addison, R.F. 2000. High PCB Concentrations in Free-Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of age, sex and dietary preference. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(6): 504-515.

Rotander, A., van Bavel, B., Polder, A., Rigét, F., Audunsson, G. A., Gabrielsen, G. W., Vikingsson, G., Bloh D., and Dam, M. (2012). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals from Arctic and North Atlantic regions, 1986-2009. Environment International, 40(1), 102–109.

Sanderson, C.E. and Alexander, K.A. 2020. Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals. Global Change Biology, 26(8), 4284-4301.

Santos, M.B. and Pierce, G.J. 2003. The diet of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the northeast Atlantic. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 41: 355–390.

Santos M.B., G.J. Pierce, J.A. Learmonth, R.J. Reid, H.M. Ross, A.P. Patterson, G.D. Reid & D. Beare 2004. Variability in the diet of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Scottish waters 1992-2003. Marine Mammal Science 20: 1-27.

Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Lopez, A., Martinez, J.A., Fernandez, M.T. Ieno, E., Mente, E., Poteiro, P., Carrera, P. and Meixide, M. (2004). Variability in the diet of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Galician waters 1991-2003 and relationship with prey abundance. ICES CM 2004/THEME SESSION Q:09 (Recent Advances in the Oceanography and Biology of the Iberian Waters and Adjacent Shelf Seas: Results from Integrated Multidisciplinary Projects)

Scheidat, M., Tougaard, J., Brasseur, S., Carstensen, J., van Polanen Petel, T., Teilmann, J. and Reijnders, P. 2011. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea. Environmental Research Letters. 6(2): 1-10.

Schwacke, L.H., Smith, C.R., Townsend, F.I., Wells, R.S., Hart, L.B., Balmer, B.C., Collier, T.K., De Guise, S., Fry, M.M., Guillette Jr, L.J. and Lamb, S.V., 2014. Health of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environmental science & technology, 48(1), pp.93-103.

Siebert, U., Stürznickel, J., Schaffeld., T., Oheim, R., Rolvien, T., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., Wohlsein, P., Lakemeyer, J., Rohner, S., Schick, L.A., Gross, S., Nachtsheim, D., Ewers, C., Becher, P., Amling, M., Morell, M. 2022. Blast injury on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic Sea after explosions of deposits of World War II ammunition. Environment International 159, 107014.

Simeone, C.A., Gulland, F.M.D., Norris, T. and Rowles, T.K. (2015) A systematic review of changes in marine mammal health in North America, 1972-2012: The need for a novel integrated approach. PLoS One, 10, 1–17

Sivle, L.D., Kvadsheim, P.H., Curé, C., Isojunno, S., Wensveen, P.J., Lam, F-P.A., Visser, F., Kleivane, L., Tyack, P., Harris, C.M. and Miller, P.J.O. (2015). Severity of Expert-Identified Behavioural Responses of Humpback Whale, Minke Whale, and Northern Bottlenose Whale to Naval Sonar. Aquatic Mammals, 41(4), 469-502.

Skov H., S. Heinänen D.A. Hansenf. Ladage B. Schlenz, R. Zydelis & F. Thomsen 2014. Habitat Modelling. In: BSH & BMU (eds) Ecological Research at the Offshore Windfarm alpha ventus - Challenges, Results and Perspectives: 102-112 . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). Springer Spektrum.

Smith, C.R., Rowles, T.K., Gomez, F.M., Ivančić, M., Colegrove, K.M., Takeshita, R., Townsend, F.I., Zolman, E.S., Morey, J.S., Cendejas, V. and Meegan, J.M., 2022. Poor pulmonary health in Barataria Bay dolphins in the eight years following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, p.975006.

Spitz, J., Mourocq, E., Leauté, J-P., Quéro, J-C., and Ridoux, V. (2010). Prey selection by the common dolphin: Fulfilling high energy requirements with high quality food. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 390, 73-77.

Starr, M., Lair, S., Michaud, S., Scarratt, M., Quilliam, M., Lefaivre, D., Robert, M., Wotherspoon, A., Michaud, R., Ménard, N. and Sauve, G., 2017. Multispecies mass mortality of marine fauna linked to a toxic dinoflagellate bloom. PloS one, 12(5), p.e0176299.

Stockin, K. A., Lusseau, D. Binedell., Wiseman, N., Orams, M. B., 2008. Tourism affects the behavioural budget of the common dolphin Delphinus sp. in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. Vol. 355: 287–295, 2008

Stone, C. and Tasker M. (2006). The effects of seismic airguns on cetaceans in UK waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 8(3), 255-263

Stone, C., Hall, K., Mendes, S. and Tasker, M., 2017. The effects of seismic operations in UK waters: analysis of Marine Mammal Observer data. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 16(1), 71-85.

Stone, C.J. 2015. Marine mammal observations during seismic surveys from 1995-2010. JNCC Report No: 463a. JNCC, Peterborough, 64pp.

Storelli, M. M., Zizzo, N. & Marcotrigiano, G. O., 1999. Heavy metals and methylmercury in tissues of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded in Italy (South Adriatic Sea). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology 63(6), 703-710.

Teilmann, J. and Carstensen, J. 2012. Negative long-term effects on harbour porpoises from a large-scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic-evidence of slow recovery. Environ.Res.Lett. 7(4): 1-10

Thompson PM, Brookes KL, Graham IM, Barton TR, Needham K, Bradbury G, Merchant ND. 2013 Short-term disturbance by a commercial two-dimensional seismic survey does not lead to long-term displacement of harbour porpoises. Proc R Soc B 280: 20132001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2001

Thompson, P., Ingram, S., Lonergan, M., Northridge, S., Hall, A. and Wilson, B. 2007. Climate change causing starvation in harbour porpoises? Biology Letters 3, 533-534.

Thompson, K.F., Miller, K.A., Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D. and Johnston, P., 2023. Urgent assessment needed to evaluate potential impacts on cetaceans from deep seabed mining. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, p.1095930.

Tillin, H.M., Houghton, A. J., Saunders, J. E., Drabble, R., and Hull, S. C. 2011. Direct and indirect impacts of marine aggregate dredging. Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF). Science Monograph Series: No 1. 41 pp

Todd V.L.G., W.D. Pearse, N.C. Tregenza, P.A. Lepper & I.B. Todd 2009. Diel echolocation activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around North Sea offshore gas installations. ICES J. Mar. Sc. 66, DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp035.

Todd, V.L.G., Todd, I.B., Gardiner, J.C., Morrin, E.C.N., MacPherson, N.A., Dimarzio, N.A. & Thomsen, F., 2015. A review of impacts of marine dredging activities on marine mammals. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72: 328-334

Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J., Bech, N.I., Skov, H. and Henriksen, O.D., 2005. Effects of the Nysted Offshore wind farm on harbour porpoises. Annual status report for the T-POD monitoring program. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Effects_of_the_Nysted_Offshore_Wind_Farm_on_Harbour_Porpoises.pdf [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Tougaard, J., Hermannsen, L. and Madsen, P.T. 2020. How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines?. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 148 (5): 2885–2893. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0002453

Townhill, B.L., Tinker, J., Jones, M., Pitois, S., Creach, V., Simpson, S.D., Dye, S., Bear, E. and Pinnegar, J.K., 2018. Harmful algal blooms and climate change: exploring future distribution changes. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75(6), pp.1882-1893.

Tracy, A.M., Pielmeier, M.L., Yoshioka, R.M., Heron, S.F. and Harvell, C.D. 2019. Increases and decreases in marine disease reports in an era of global change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1912), 20191718.

Tuerk, K.J., Kucklick, J.R., McFee, W.E., Pugh, R.S. and Becker, P.R., 2009. Factors influencing persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the Atlantic white‐sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 24(5), 1079-1087

Vallejo, G. C., Grellier, K., Nelson, E. J., McGregor, R. M., Canning, S. J., Caryl, F. M., & McLean, N. 2017. Responses of two marine top predators to an offshore wind farm. Ecology and Evolution, 7(21), 8698–8708.

Van De Vijver, K.I., Hoff, P.T., Das, K., Van Dongen, W., Esmans, E.L., Jaunaiux, T., Bouquegneau, J., Blust, R. and De Coen, W. 2003. Perfluorated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environmental .Science and Technology, 37: 5545-5550.

Vergara-Pena, A. 2020. Effects of marine recreation on bottlenose dolphins in Cardigan Bay. PhD Thesis. Bangor University. [Accessed 22nd January 2024]

Von Benda-Beckmann, A.M., Aarts, G., Sertlet, H.O., Lucke, K., Verboom, W.C., Kastelien, R.A., Ketten, D.R., van Bemmelen, R., Lam., F-P.A., Kirkwood, R.J., and Ainslie, M.A. 2015. Assessing the Impact of Underwater Clearance of Unexploded Ordnance on Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Southern North Sea. Aquatic Mammals, 41(4), 503-523

Weilgart, L. S. 2007. The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(11), 1091–1116.

Wensveen, P.J., von Benda-Beckmann, A.M., Ainslie, M.A., Lam, F.P.A., Kvadsheim, P.H., Tyack, P.L. & Miller, P.J.O. (2015) How effectively do horizontal and vertical response strategies of long-finned pilot whales reduce sound exposure from naval sonar? Marine Environmental Research, 106; 68-81

Williamson, M.J., ten Doeschate, M.T., Deaville, R., Brownlow, A.C. and Taylor, N.L. 2021. Cetaceans as sentinels for informing climate change policy in UK waters. Marine Policy, 131, 104634.

Wisniewska, D. M., Johnson, M., Teilmann, J., Siebert, U., Galatius, A., Dietz, R., & Madsen, P. T. 2018. High rates of vessel noise disrupt foraging in wild harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1872), 20172314.

Wolkers, H., Corkeron, P.J., Van Paris, S.M., Simils, T. and Van Basel B. 2007. Accumulation and transfer of contaminants in Killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway: indications for contaminant metabolism. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26:1582-1590.

Young, D. and Cockcroft, V. (1994). Diet of the common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) off the south-east coast of southern Africa: Opportunism or specialization? Journal of Zoology, 234, 41-53.

Contact

Email: marine_species@gov.scot

Back to top