Scottish seabird conservation action plan: vulnerability report

Introduction

The Scottish Seabird Vulnerability Report describes the process undertaken to identify the key pressures acting on seabirds in Scottish waters and at coastal breeding colonies. It also provides a high-level evaluation of the measures already in place to combat these pressures and identifies gaps and opportunities for action, where more can be done. The Scottish Seabird Vulnerability Report provides the basis for the development of the Scottish Seabird Conservation Action Plan (herein referred to as the “Seabird CAP”) which sets out our vision for Scotland’s seabird colonies to 2045, working in collaboration to deliver action where our seabird conservation efforts are most needed and can be most effective.

Vulnerability assessments were conducted for twenty-four species of seabird regularly occurring in relatively high numbers in Scottish waters during the breeding and/or nonbreeding seasons (Table 1). Vulnerability is considered to be a combination of the sensitivity of a species to a particular pressure with the level of potential interaction (exposure) the species has to that pressure.

Species sensitivity assessments conducted by Rogerson et al. (2021) were used to provide the basis for the sensitivity assessments. All species-pressure combinations with a high or medium sensitivity score were then assessed to determine the degree to which each species is exposed to these pressures whilst in Scottish waters. The geographic area covered by the exposure assessments included all Scottish waters, out to the limit of the continental shelf (Figure 1). The sensitivity and exposure assessments were then combined to provide an overall vulnerability score for each species-pressure combination.

All pressures that resulted in a high or medium vulnerability score for any seabird species, and where there is supporting evidence demonstrating impacts, were identified as the main pressures that should be considered when prioritising coastal and marine seabird conservation actions in Scotland.

To gauge the extent to which these main pressures are already being addressed a review of current measures was conducted by a working group^[1] with expert judgment used to highlight where progress was underway to deliver action that would be beneficial to seabirds, and where more could be done through the identification of gaps. A stakeholder workshop in February 2020 also provided an opportunity for gaps and conservation actions to be highlighted.

Table 1: Seabird species included in the vulnerability assessments.

Northern fulmar: Fulmarus glacialis

European storm-petrel: Hydrobates pelagicus

Leach’s storm-petrel: Oceanodroma leucorhoa

Arctic skua: Stercorarius arcticus

Great skua: Stercorarius skua

Black-legged kittiwake: Rissa tridactyla

Little gull: Hydrocoloeus minutus

Lesser black-backed gull: Larus fuscus

Herring gull: Larus argentatus

Great black-backed gull: Larus marinus

Common gull: Larus canus

Black-headed gull: Chroicocephalus ridibundus

Little tern: Sternula albifrons

Sandwich tern: Sterna sandvicensis

Common tern: Sterna hirundo

Arctic tern: Sterna paradisaea

Manx shearwater: Puffinus puffinus

Northern gannet: Morus bassanus

European shag: Gulosus aristotelis

Great cormorant: Phalacrocorax carbo

Atlantic puffin: Fratercula arctica

Black guillemot: Cepphus grille

Common guillemot: Uria aalge

Razorbill: Alca torda

Figure 2: Process used to identify the main pressures impacting seabirds in Scotland and opportunities to do more.