Effective government policies for advancing equality for women and girls: international evidence review

This report outlines effective international policies for advancing equality for women and girls from countries comparable to Scotland. It will complement wider research which will be considered to inform the development of an equality strategy for women and girls and supporting delivery plans.


Annex 2: References

Alarcón-García, G., Buendía-Azorín, J., and del Mar Sánchez-de-la-Vega, M., (2022) Infrastructure and Subjective Well-Being from a Gender Perspective. Administrative Sciences, Vol.12(1)

Andreola, F., and Muzzonigro, A., (2022) Milan Gender Atlas

Angela O’Hagan, Emanuella Laue Christensen, Helen Tilley and Suzanna Nesom, Wales Centre for Public Policy (2019) Tackling Inequality Through Gender Budgeting - Evidence and Models

Anna Bornioli, Aife Hopkins-Doyle, Fabio Fasoli, Giulio Faccenda, Mikel Subiza-Pérez, Eleanor Ratcliffe, Eda Beyazit, Sex and the city park: The role of gender and sex in psychological restoration in urban greenspaces, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Volume 100, 2024,

Antonio Manuel López-Hernández, et al (2023) External control of gender budget implementation: Experience of the Audit Office of Andalusia

Autonomous Region of Andalusia (2018) Gender Budgeting Audit Plan

Autonomous Region of Andalusia (2019) Gender Impact Assessment Report

Autonomous Region of Andalusia (2020) Gender Impact Report on the 2021 Budget of the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Executive Summary

Bungum, B. and Kvande, E. in Koslowski, A., Blum, S., Dobrotić, I., Kaufman, G. and Moss, P. (eds.) (2025) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2025, ‘Norway country note’.

Bünning, M., and Hipp, L., (2022) How can we become more equal? Public policies and parents’ work family preferences in Germany. Journal of European Social Policy, 2022, Vol. 32(2) 182–196

Criado Perez, Caroline (2019) Invisible Women – Exposing data bias in a world designed for men, Vintage Books

HM Inspectorate of Prisons and HM Inspectorate of Probation (2021) Neurodiversity in the criminal justice system: A review of evidence

Dellenbaugh-Losse, M., and Dreyer, B., EU/URBACT (2022) Gender Equal Cities 2022

Department of Finance, Canada (2022) Statement and Impacts Report on Gender, Diversity, and Quality of Life, Budget 2002

Engender (2020) What works for women – Improving gender mainstreaming in Scotland

European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Gender equality and work-life balance policies during and after the COVID-19 crisis – Thematic review 2022 – Synthesis, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022

European Environment Agency (2022) Who benefits from nature in cities? Social inequalities in access to urban green and blue spaces across Europe

European Institute for Gender Equality (2022), Gender Mainstreaming - Sweden

European Institute for Gender Equality (2024) Good practices on gender mainstreaming in the European Green Deal: Towards a more gender-equal and greener Europe

EU/URBACT website (accessed December 2025) What gender has to do with procurement?

Fernandes, M., Hilber S., Sturm J., Walter A., (2023) Closing the gender gap in academia? Evidence from an affirmative action program, Research Policy, Volume 52, Issue 9, 2023

Geary, Rebecca S et al. (2023) Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales. The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 7, Issue 10, e809 - e818

Girlguiding (2020), Girls’ Attitudes Survey 2020: A snapshot of girls’ and young women’s lives

Government of Iceland (2021) Sovereign Sustainable Financing Framework

Government of Spain, (2020) Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan

Grootegoed,E., and van Dijk, D.(2012). The return of the family? Welfare state retrenchment and client autonomy in long-term care. Journal of Social Policy, 41(4), 677–694

Harris, R., Mate-Sanchez-Val, M., & Ruiz Marín, M. (2025). Gender disparities in promotions and exiting in UK Russell Group universities. Applied Economics, 57(31), 4441–4457.

Hanberger, Anders & Saveman, Britt-Inger & Bylund, Per-Olof & Lundström, Ulf & Mårald, Gunilla & Rolfsman, Ewa. (2013). Säkerhetsarbetets relevans och effekter - slutrapport från ett femårigt forskningsprogram

International Labour Organisation, (2021) Empowering Women at Work - Government Laws and Policies for Gender Equality

Kvande E, Brandth B (2020), Designing parental leave for fathers – promoting gender equality in working life. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 40 No. 5-6 pp. 465–477

Ministry of Employment, Sweden (2020) Gender equality policy in Sweden

Moran, J., & Koslowski, A. (2019). Making use of work–family balance entitlements: how to support fathers with combining employment and caregiving. Community, Work & Family, 22(1), 111–128.

NatureScot (2025) Realising the Potential of Scotland's Natural Health Service in Practice - A Report on Piloting of Green Health Partnerships,

OECD (2023) OECD Best Practices for Gender Budgeting

O’Hagan, A., Christensen, E., Tilley, H and Nesom, S. (2019) Tackling Inequality Through Gender Budgeting Evidence and Models. Wales Centre for Public Policy

Prison Reform Trust (2013) International good practice: Alternatives to imprisonment for women offenders

Prison Reform Trust (updated 2017) Mental health, autism and learning disabilities in the criminal courts Information for magistrates, district judges and court staff

Public Health England (2020) Improving access to greenspace - A new review for 2020

Puig-Barrachina, V., Ruiz, M.E., del Mar Garcia-Calvente, M., Malmusi, D., Sanchez, E., Camprubi, L., Muntaner, C., Cortes-Franch, I., Artazcoz, L. and Borrell, C. (2017). How to Resist Austerity: The Case of the Gender Budgeting Strategy in Andalusia. Gender Work and Organization. 24(1): 34-55.

Rummery K. Gender equality and the governance of long-term care policy: new comparative models and paradigms. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy. 2021;37(1):16-33. doi:10.1017/ics.2020.16

Scottish Government (2021) Adult social care: independent review

Scottish Government (2023) National Planning Framework 4

Scottish Government (2024) OECD Gender Budgeting Pilots: Evaluation Report

Scottish Government (2021) Reviewing design methods to make them more sensitive to gender

Scottish Government (2019) The Scottish Approach to Service Design (SAtSD)

Scottish Government and COSLA (2022) National Workforce Strategy for Health and Social Care in Scotland

Sharp, R (2003) Budgeting for Equity: Gender Budget Initiatives within a Framework of Performance Oriented Budgeting New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).

Skills Development Scotland (2025) Sectoral Skills Assessment – Social Care

Steinþórsdóttir, F. S., Guðmundsdóttir, K-A., Heijstra, T.M., Friðjónsdóttir, H. (2018). Gender Budgeting in Iceland. In O’Hagan, A. and Klatzer, E. (Eds.) (2018). Gender Budgeting in Europe: Developments and Challenges. Springer: pp 179-198.

Stewart, D. and Eccleston, J. 2025. SPANS Scotland’s People and Nature Survey 2023/24 - outdoor recreation report. NatureScot Research Report 1361.

STREAM IT (2024) Research report on previous and running initiatives and European projects on STEAM education and gender equality

OECD (2023) OECD Spending Better Framework

UK Government (2025) Freedom from Violence and Abuse: a cross-government strategy to build a safer society for women and girls Volume 1 Strategy

UK Government (2025) Freedom from Violence and Abuse: a cross-government strategy to build a safer society for women and girls Volume 2 Action Plan

UK Government (2025) What Works to Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls -A Summary of the Evidence

UK Government (2025) Freedom from Violence and Abuse: a cross-government strategy to build a safer society for women and girls Volume 1 Strategy

Walker, S. and Clark, I. for Make Space for Girls (2020) Make Space for Girls: Everything you need to know in one (relatively) easy document)

Women’s Budget Group, Eva Neitzert (2024 ) A gendered approach to the cost of living crisis? International lessons

Women’s Budget Group (2020) Spirals of Inequality – How unpaid care work is at the heart of gender inequalities

Women’s Justice Leadership Panel (2023) The Case for Gendered and Intersectional Approaches to Justice. Scottish Government

Contact

Email: CEU@gov.scot

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